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Bulletin  259 


July,  1924 


c 

H 

•  E 


AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

NEW  HAVEN,  CONN. 


Corn  in  Connecticut 


Figure  17.     Harvest  time  in  Southern  Connecticut. 


The  work  herein  reported  was  conducted  as  a  joint 
project  of  the  two  Connecticut  Experiment  Stations,  and 
therefore  will  appear  in  the  Annual  Reports  of  both 
Stations. 


CONNECTICUT  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

OFFICERS  AND  STAFF 
July,  1924. 


BOARD  OF  CONTROL. 
His  Excellency,  Charles  A.  Templeton,  ex-officio,  President. 

George  A.  Hopson,  Secretary Mount  Carmel 

Wm.  L.  Slate,  Jr.,  Director  and  Treasurer New  Haven 

Joseph  W.  Alsop Avon 

Charles  R.  Treat Orange 

Elijah  Rogers Southington 

Edward  C.  Schneider Middletown 

Francis  F.  Lincoln Cheshire 

STAFF. 
E.  H.  Jenkins,  Ph.D.,  Director  Emeritus. 


Administration. 


Chemistry. 
Analytical 
Laboratory. 


Biochemical 
Laboratory. 

Botany. 


Entomology. 

Forestry. 

Plant  Breeding. 
Soil  Research. 


W.  L.  Slate,  Jr.,  B.Sc,  Director  and  Treasurer- 
Miss  L.  M.  Brautlecht,  Bookkeeper  and  Librarian. 
Miss  J.  V.  Berger,  Stenographer  and  Bookkeeper. 
Miss  Mary  Bradley,  Secretary. 
William  Veitch,  In  Charge  of  Buildings  and  Grounds. 

E.  M.  Bailey,  Ph.D.,  Chemist  in  Charge. 

R.  E.  Andrew,  M.A.  ] 

C.  E.  Shepard  I       .     .  ^     ^  „, 

Owen  L.  Nolan  [     -Assistant  Chemists. 

Harry  J.  Fisher,  A.B.      J 

Frank  C.  Sheldon,  Laboratory  Assistant. 

V.  L.  Churchill,  Sampling  Agent. 

Miss  Mabel  Bacon,  Stenographer . 

T.  B.  Osborne,  Ph.D.,  Sc.D.,  Chemist  in  Charge. 


G.  P.  Clinton,  Sc.D.,  Botanist  in  Charge. 

E.  M.  Stoddard,  B.S.,  Pomologist. 

Miss  Florence  A.  McCormick,  Ph.D.,  Pathologist. 

Willis  R.  Hunt,  M.S.,  Graduate  Assistant. 

G.  E.  Graham,  General  Assistant. 

Mrs.  W.  W.  Kelsey,  Secretary. 

W.  E.  Britton,  Ph.T)., Entomologist  in  Charge;  State  Entomologist. 

B.  H.  Walden,  B.Agr. 

M.  p.  Zappb,  B.S. 

Philip  Garman,  Ph.D. 

Roger  B.  Friend,  B.S.      J 

John  T.  Ashworth,  Deputy  in  Charge  of  Gipsy  Moth  Work. 

R.  C.  Botsford,  Deputy  in  Charge  of  Mosquito  Elimination. 

Miss  Gladys  M.  Finley,  Stenographer. 


Assistant  Entomologists. 


Walter  O.  Filley,  Forester  in  Charge. 
A.  E.  Moss,  M.F.,  Assistant  Forester. 
H.  W.  HicocK,  M.F.,  Assistant  Forester. 
Miss  Pauline  A.  Merchant,  Stenographer. 

Donald  F.  Jones,  S.D.,  Geneticist  in  Charge. 
P.  C.  Mangelsdorf,  M.S.,  Assistant. 

M.  F.  Morgan,  M.S.,  Investigator. 


Tobacco   Sub-station    N.  T.  Nelson,  Ph.D.,  Plant  Physiologist. 

at  Windsor. 


The  Wilson  H.  Lee  Co. 
New  Haven,  Conn. 


Corn  in  Connecticut.^ 

D.  F.  Jones,  W.  L.  Slate, ^  and  B.  A.  Brown.^ 

Connecticut  stands  in  the  unique  position  of  having  the  highest 
average  yield  of  corn  per  acre  although  it  is  well  removed  from  the 
center  of  largest  production.  In  the  amount  of  corn  raised  Con- 
necticut is  exceeded  by  35  other  states.  Within  the  state  corn 
occupies  a  greater  area  than  any  other  cultivated  crop.  The 
amount  of  land  devoted  to  the  more  important  crops,  in  thousands 
of  acres,  is  approximately  as  follows :  hay  330,  corn  67,  tobacco  27, 
potatoes  18,  other  vegetables  9,  oats  11,  rye  5,  buckwheat  2.^ 
The  value  of  the  corn  crop  in  Connecticut,  worth  about  six  million 
dollars  in  1919,  is  usually  exceeded  about  three  times  by  tobacco, 
two  times  by  hay  and  nearly  equalled  by  vegetables  and  by  fruits. 
The  three  other  cereals  of  any  importance,  oats,  rye  and  buck- 
wheat, combined  do  not  ordinarily  amount  to  much  more  than  one 
tenth  of  the  value  of  corn.  The  relatively  high  average  yield  of 
corn  per  acre  is  due  largely  to  the  small  size  of  individual  fields,  to 
the  usually  ample  rainfall  and  the  general  practice  of  fertilizing 
corn  Hberally.  The  high  humidity  which  commonly  prevails 
during  the  pollination  period  favors  a  full  setting  of  grain  on  the 
ears.  All  these  factors  tend  to  overcome  the  disadvantage  of  a 
short  growing  season  and  low  temperatures  during  the  earlier  part 
of  the  growing  season  which  retard  the  growth  of  corn. 

Climatic  Zones. 

The  southern  edge  of  the  state  along  the  sound  and  considerable 
areas  along  the  river  valleys  extending  well  into  the  state  have 
much  the  same  cHmatic  conditions  as  the  main  corn  growing  region 
of  the  mid-west.  This  is  shown  by  the  biological  zones,  as  mapped 
by  the  U.  S.  Biological  Survey,  which  are  based  upon  areas  occupied 
by  the  same  or  closely  related  species  of  wild  plants  and  animals. 
While  these  zones  are  somewhat  arbitrarily  defined  they  give 
perhaps  the  best  guide  to  the  natural  cHmatic  and  soil  conditions 
which  govern  the  growth  of  plants.  The  upper  Austral  zone,  as  it 
is  called,  in  the  humid  section  includes  practically  all  of  Iowa, 
Missouri,  llKnois,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Ohio,  parts  of  the  central 
states  east  of  the  Appalachian  mountains  and  extending  through 
New  Jersey  and  Long  Island  to  the  area  bordering  the  sound  in 
New  York  and  Connecticut  and  extending  inland  in  the  larger 
river  valleys. 

This  explains  why  many  of  the  large  deat  varieties  from  the 
west  are  often  grown  successfully  for  grain  in  Connecticut.    But 

^The  scope  of  this  corn  survey  was  planned  by  W.  L.  Slate  and  H.  K. 
Hayes.  Much  credit  is  due  B.  G.  Southwick  and  Henry  Dorsey  for  the 
location  of  varieties  and  obtaining  the  facts  concerning  their  history 
and  development. 

^Agronomists  at  Storrs  Station. 

^Fourteenth  Census  Vol.  VI,  part  1,  figures  for  1919. 

(383) 


384 


CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION 


BULLETIN   259. 


these  varieties  when  grown  for  any  length  of  time  are  considerably 
modified  in  size,  ear  shape  and  kerael  type  and  in  time  of  ripening 
either  by  direct  seed  selection  or  by  natural  selection.  The  typical 
western  dent  tj^pe  favored  in  the  past  is  not  adapted  to  New 
England  conditions.  The  kernels  are  too  deep  and  compact  on 
the  ears  to  dry  out  well  in  our  moist  cUmate.  The  texture  of  the 
kernel  is  softer  than  our  flint  or  smooth  dent  varieties,  con- 
sequently the  ears  mold  easily  and  the  seed  germinates  poorly 
the  following  year.  Since  the  smooth,  hard-kerneled  ears  with 
shallow  grains  spaced  widely  on  the  ears  have  been  found  to  give 
plants  which  ripen  earlier  and  often  yield  as  much  or  more  than 
the  compact,  deep  rough  -grained  types,  these  more  flint  like  types 
have  been  favored. 


Figure  18. 
Representative  ears  of  different  types  of  dent  corn  commonly  grown  in 
New  England.      They  are  from  left  to  right;  Eureka,  Connecticut  Dent, 
Century,   Golden  Dent,  Lakeside,  Sharon  White  Cap,  Early  Wonder, 
Holcomb's  Dent  and  Early  Huron. 


Types  of  Corn  Grown  in  New  England. 

Along  with  the  recently  introduced  western  varieties  and  the 
better  adapted  New  England  dent  types  derived  from  these,  there 
are  the  typical  eight-rowed  yellow  and  white  flint  corns  grown  by 
the  Indians  in  New  England  when  the  Mayflower  landed  and  still 
widely  planted.  Flint  corn  has  long  been  grown  in  this  section 
and  is  well  adapted  to  a  short  season  and  ripens  when  dent  varieties 
are  too  wet  to  crib  satisfactoril3^  The  hard  shallow  kernels  dry 
out  quickly,  consequently  the  seed  is  not  easily  injured  by  frost 
in  the  fall  and  germinates  well  the  following  spring.     For  these 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT 


385 


reasons  flint  corn  is  the  most  dependable  kind  of  corn  to  grow  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  state,  at  high  elevations  and  in  places 
where  the  frost  comes  early  in  the  fall. 

Many  variations  from  the  typical  eight  rowed  flint  type  exist. 
There  are  very  long  eared  varieties,  others  with  very  large  seeds, 
and  still  others  with  small  seeds  having  ten,  twelve  or  fourteen 
rows  of  grain  on  the  ear.  Color  varies  from  yellow  to  white  in  the 
endosperm  or  seed  proper  and  from  colorless  to  brownish  or  dark 
red  in  the  hulls  or  pericarp.  In  addition  to  the  typical  dent  and 
flint  varieties  there  are  a  number  of  intermediate  types  having 
characteristics  of  both  dent  and  flint  corn.  These  have  every 
evidence  of  being  hybrids  between  dent  and  flint  varieties  which 
have  been  maintained  as  intermediate  types. 


Figure  19 
Types  of  flint  corn  commonly  grown  in  New  England.       They  are,  from 
left  to  right;  Sanford  White,  Longfellow,  Mammoth  White,  Burwell's 
Yellow,  Button,  Smut  Nose,  King  Philip,  Rhode  Island  White  Cap, 
and  Griswold's  90  Day. 

On  account  of  its  geographical  position  on  the  border  line  of 
two  biological  zones,  with  its  varied  topography,  soils,  and  seasonal 
conditions  Connecticut  has  probably  as  many  distinctly  different 
varieties  of  corn  as  any  section  of  the  country.  Many  of  these 
varieties  of  widely  different  type  grow  equally  well  in  any  one 
locality.  Since  practically  all  of  the  corn  is  used  on  the  farms 
where  it  is  grown  there  are  no  market  requirements  to  meet  which 
in  other  places  tend  to  hmit  the  number  of  varieties  to  a  few 
belonging  to  one  type. 


386  connecticut  experiment  station  bulletin  259. 

The  Need  of  a  Variety  Test. 

On  account  of  the  great  diversity  in  varieties  of  corn  grown  in 
this  part  of  th.^  couatry  it  is  often  a  problem  to  know  which  is  the 
best  variety  for  any  particular  place.  In  order  to  make  an  intelli- 
gent selection  it  is  necessary  to  know  the  length  of  the  growing 
season,  the  soU  requirements  and  the  general  character  of  the 
different  varieties.  Many  varieties  suitable  for  silage  are  not  at  all 
suitable  for  husking.  And  many  good  varieties  for  graia  are 
unprofitable  to  use  for  silage.  Since  there  are  so  many  differ- 
ences in  the  varieties  of  corn  now  grown  it  may  be  expected  that 
some  varieties  exist  which  are  inherently  more  productive  for  a 
given  locaHty  than  other  varieties  requiring  the  same  length  of 
growing  season.     Since  corn,  hke  every  other  plant,  varies  pro- 


Figure  20. 
The  variety  test  field  at  the  Mt.  Carmel  farm. 

foundly  with  the  soil,  the  season,  and  the  the  treatment  given,  the 
only  way  to  find  out  the  high  yielding  varieties  is  to  grow  them 
side  by  side  and  compare  their  production  under  equal  conditions. 
In  this  way  valuable  material  is  found  with  which  breeding  opera- 
tions can  be  conducted  for  the  purpose  of  further  increasing  the 
capacity  of  corn  to  yield. 

In  1914  the  two  Agricultural  Experiment  Stations,  at  New  Haven 
and  at  Storrs,  planned  a  co-operative  corn  survey  and  vaiiety  test. 
The  aim  was  to  locate  the  most  promising  vaiieties  in  every  part 
of  the  state  and  test  these  long  enough  to  find  out  their  ability  to 
yield  in  different  parts  of  the  state  and  their  suitabiHty  for  different 
purposes.  In  carrying  out  this  plan  practically  the  whole  state 
has  been  covered  and  varieties  located  by  inquiring  whenever  a 
promising  field  of  corn  was  seen.    The  county  agents  have  helped 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT  387 

greatly  in  giving  the  names  and  location  of  promising  varieties. 
The  local  and  state  fairs  have  also  been  used  to  get  the  names  of 
growers  of  corn  in  Connecticut.  Some  varieties  from  adjoining 
states  have  been  included  as  well  as  a  few  from  the  west  and  south. 
The  latter  have  been  tested  mainly  for  silage  purposes. 

On  account  of  limitation  of  ground  upon  which  the  tests  have 
been  conducted  it  has  not  been  possible  to  include  every  variety 
grown  in  the  state.  It  is  also  quite  possible  that  not  all  of  the  best 
varieties  have  been  included.  But  since  the  test  has  covered  nine 
years,  new  varieties  being  added  each  year,  most  of  the  better 
varieties  have  been  included. 

As  much  information  as  possible  has  been  obtained  concerning 
each  variety — its  origin,  where  grown,  how  selected  and  the 
purpose  for  which  it  has  been  raised.  This  together  with  a  brie' 
description  is  given  for  each  variety  or  strain.  In  most  cases  verj 
httle  is  known  about  the  history  of  a  variety  of  corn. 

Origin  of  Varieties  of  Corn. 

There  are  many  indications  that  corn  has  been  grown  on  the 
American  continent  for  many  centuries  previous  to  the  coming  of 
the  white  man.  Corn  was  the  principal  food  crop  of  the  Indians 
and  the  main  types  of  corn  grown  to-day  developed  in  the  hands 
of  the  original  inhabitants.  Flint  corn  was  grown  in  the  north- 
eastern states  and  in  Canada.  "Gourd  seed"  corn,  the  forerunner 
of  the  modern  dent  type  was  found  in  Virginia  and  the  soft  floury 
type  was  employed  in  the  west.'  Sweet  and  pop  corn  were  used  to 
a  limited  extent  by  some  Indian  tribes.  How  these  widely  different 
types  developed  and  what  was  the  wild  ancestral  parent  of  culti- 
vated corn  will  probably  always  remain  in  obscurity. 

Many  fhnt  varieties  grown  to-day  differ  in  no  essential  way  from 
specimens  that  have  been  found  in  prehistoric  Indian  remains. 
Probably  the  modern  dent  type  with  its  cylindrical  ear  and  deep 
compact  grains,  completely  covered  tips  and  well  filled  butts  as 
exemphfied  in  the  prize  winning  specimens  at  the  western  corn 
shows  is  a  recent  development.  It  is  a  product  both  of  extensive 
selection  towards  a  certain  standard  combined  with  the  very  best 
conditions  for  growth  made  possible  by  improved  methods  of 
tillage. 

The  Indians  were  skilled  in  the  culture  of  corn  as  shown  in  the 
reports  of  the  early  explorers.  There  is  no  way  of  knowing  whether 
present  day  varieties  are  inherently  more  productive  than  those 
of  early  times.  In  the  early  chronicles,  yields  were  never  stated  in 
terms  of  units  of  land  and  no  distinction  was  made  between 
measures  of  ears  or  of  shelled  grain.  A  competitive  trial  of  twenti- 
eth century  varieties  with  fifteenth  century  varieties  would  be  of 
interest  but  unfortunately  such  a  test  will  never  be  conducted. 
The  best  that  can  be  done  now  is  to  compare  the  jflint  varieties 


388 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION 


BULLETIN   259. 


which  have  presumably  changed  least  with  dent  varieties  which 
apparently  have  changed  most. 

Very  little  is  known  as  to  the  history  and  origin  of  the  varieties 
grown  at  the  present  time.  The  common  practice  of  changing 
seed  and  the  ever  present  cross-pollination  and  natural  selection 
which  changes  varieties  in  a  few  years  have  made  it  difficult  to 
trace  the  history  of  varieties  many  years  back.  The  origin  of  some 
of  the  most  widely  grown  varieties  in  the  west  is  typical  of  the  way 
in  which  new  varieties  are  developed.  In  1846,  Robert  Reid 
moved  from  Ohio  to  Tazewell  County,  IlHnois,  bringing  with  him 


Figure   21. 
Flint  corn  has  changed  but 
little  since  it  was  grown  by 
the  Indians. 


seed  of  a  local  variety  known  as  Gordon  Hopldns'  corn.  The  first 
year  this  was  planted  in  Illinois  it  did  not  thoroughly  mature, 
consequently  the  seed  did  not  germinate  well  the  following  year. 
Missing  hills  were  replanted  with  an  early  variety  loiown  as  Little 
Yellow  corn.  The  corn  has  not  been  purposely  mixed  since  then 
and  by  selection  the  type  of  Reid's  Yellow  dent,  the  most  widely 
planted  variety  in  this  country,  has  been  developed. 

The  improvement  of  the  famous  variety  of  corn  known  as 
Learning  was  begun  about  1856  in  southern  Ohio  with  the  use  of 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT 


389 


several  local  varieties  commonly  grown  in  that  region.  It  is  stated 
that  different  lands  of  corn  were  used  including  some  with  purple 
or  black  seeds.  Learning  is  one  of  the  first  dent  varieties  of  modern 
type  to  be  developed  and  is  a  truly  remarkable  instance  of  plant 
improvement  through  hybridization  followed  by  systematic 
selection.  To-day  many  different  strains  of  Leaming  are  grown. 
There  is  as  much  difference  between  Leaming  grown  for  a  number 
of  years  in  New  England  and  the  western  Leaming  as  between 
other  varieties  of  different  origin.  On  account  of  the  continual 
cross-pollination  going  on  with  corn  and  the  resultant  germinal 
heterogeneity  the  word  variety  as  applied  to  corn  cannot  have  the 
same  significance  as  applied  to  other  crops  such  as  wheat,  beans 
or  tobacco,  which  are  largely  self-fertihzed  and  generally  remain 
true  to  type.    The  vegetatively  propagated  plants  such  as  potatoes, 


W'Y'Jli 


'  ^iie#.##«'*'»»*«»f '««»* 


Figure  22. 
Extreme  types  of  dent  corn. 


berries  and  tree  fruits  also  come  true  to  type  as  long  as  they  are 
not  propagated  by  seed  and  varieties  of  these  can  be  described 
with  considerable  accuracy.  A  variety  of  corn  on  the  other  hand 
is  a  collection  of  plants  that  are  often  exceedingly  diverse.  In 
every  field  of  corn  ears  can  be  found  which  resemble  many  other 
varieties.  This  great  variabihty  makes  it  possible  to  select  for 
almost  any  desired  type,  and  if  the  selection  is  systematically 
carried  out  ttiere  will  be  a  gradual  change  in  that  direction. 

Smooth  and  Rough  Grained  Dent  Varieties. 

Many  western  dent  varieties  are  being  continually  brought  to 
Connecticut  and  grown  for  silage  and  sometimes  for  husking.  As 
a  grain  corn  they  usually  do  not  ripen  early  enough  to  be  entirely 
satisfactory  except  in  favorable  seasons.  If  they  continue  to  _be 
grown  they  are  naturally  selected  for  earher  maturity.    TJie  ears 


390  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION  BULLETIN   259, 

that  mature  properly  for  seed  have  shallower  kernels,  the  rows  of 
grain  are  spaced  farther  apart  on  the  cob  and  the  grains  are 
smoother  and  harder.  In  other  words  the  extreme  dent  type  tends 
to  become  more  and  more  flint  like.  Many  farmers  look  upon  this 
as  a  process  of  degeneration  and  after  growing  the  corn  for  several 
years  say  that  it  has  "run  out"  and  get  fresh  seed  from  the  west. 
The  western  seed  will  usually  give  a  heavier  growth  of  stalk  because 
the  plants  mature  later  and  in  those  places  where  such  types  can 
be  brought  to  the  hard  dough  stage  they  may  be  better  for  silage 
purposes  than  earlier  ripening  sorts  that  have  become  better 
adapted.  Our  tests  show  that  the  adapted  varieties  are  superior 
as  a  general  rule  for  grain  than  any  varieties  introduced  from  out- 
side the  state  so  far  tested.  While  the  deep  kerneled,  compact- 
eared,  rough  seeded  dent  type  favored  in  the  central  corn  growing 
states  carries  a  large  proportion  of  shelled  corn  to  the  ear  such 
types  do  not  necessarily  produce  the  heaviest  yields  per  acre.  Even 
in  many  places  in  the  west,  tests  have  shown  the  smooth,  hard 
seeded  shallow  grained  dent  type§  yield  somewhat  better  than  the 
types  favored  in  the  corn  shows.  Kiesselbach*  at  the  Nebraska 
Station  found  that  as  an  average  of  two  varieties  smooth  seed  ears 
produced  about  six  per  cent,  more  than  rough  seed  ears.  In  all 
except  the  most  favored  corn  growing  sections  and  particularly  in 
the  north,  the  natural  tendency  for  corn  to  vary  away  from  the 
extreme  dent  type  seems  to  be  in  the  direction  of  greater  efficiency. 
This  is  expressed  not  only  in  a  better  quahty  of  corn  but  in  greater 
yield  of  dry  grain. 

Types  of  Flint  and  Dent  Corn. 

Several  fairly  distinct  types  of  flint  corn  are  grown  in  Connecti- 
cut; the  eight  rowed,  medium  sized,  yellow  Canada  flint;  the 
reddish  King  Philip;  the  Rhode  Island  White  Cap  which  is  similar 
in  type  but  differs  in  color  of  the  grain;  the  ten  to  fourteen  rowed 
small  seeded  Yellow  Dutton;  the  long  eared,  eight  rowed  yellow 
Longfellow,  and  the  similar  type  of  Sanford  White  which  differs  in 
color;  the  large  seeded,  heavy  cobbed  Mammoth  White  and 
Mammoth  Yellow  flints  and  the  stiU  larger  and  coarser  Gold 
Nugget. 

Dent  varieties  are  even  more  diverse  and  types  intergrade  so 
that  it  is  difficult  to  make  any  clear  distinction.  Dent  corn  differs 
from  flint  in  having  a  larger  number  of  rows  of  grain  on  the  ears 
and  in  having  more  soft  starch  in  the  seed.  Tiiis  soft  starch  is 
placed  at  the  top  of  the  kernels  and  on  drying  shrinks  more  than 
the  hard  starch  at  the  sides  and  base  of  the  kernel  so  that  the 
characteristic  indentation  is  formed  in  the  mature  seeds.  In 
some  yellow  varieties  tliis  soft  starch  remains  uncolored  giving  the 
ears  a  characteristic  appearance  generally  spoken  of  as  White  Cap 

*E,eferences  to  publications  cited  are  given  at  the  end  of  this  bulletin. 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT 


391 


corn.  White  Cap  as  applied  to  dent  varieties  should  not  be  con- 
fused with  the  same  term  in  Rhode  Island  White  Cap  Flint  as  in 
this  variety  the  term  "Cap"  merely  refers  to  the  fact  that  the  ears 
are  usually  well  covered  at  the  tips. 

The  dent  varieties  most  commonly  grown  in  Connecticut  are 
derived  from  Learning  or  similar  types.  They  are  characterized 
by  medium  to  large  tapering  ears,  with  moderately  smooth,  hard 
kernels.  The  ears  are  not  as  compact  as  the  western  Leaming  and 
carry  a  moderate  proportion  of  grain  to  the  cob.  Similar  varieties 
to  these  have  been  derived  from  Reid's  Yellow  Dent,  Funk's  90 
Day,  Sutton's  Yellow  Dent,  and  other  varieties.  They  vary 
greatly  in  size  of  ear,  in  the  spacing  between  the  rows  and  in  the 
smoothness  and  hardness  of  the  kernels.  Another  commonly 
grown  type  of  dent  is  the  White  Cap  corn.  A  number  of  varieties 
of  this  type  have  been  secured  from  various  parts  of  the  state.  The 


Figure  23. 
Extreme  types  of  flint  corn. 


ears  are  usually  smaller  than  the  Learning  types,  but  the  ears 
carry  a  high  proportion  of  grain  to  the  cob.  Many  White  Cap 
varieties  ripen  well  and  are  good  yielders. 

Another  type  of  dent  corn  is  represented  by  such  varieties  as 
Century  Dent,  Early  Michigan,  Early  Huron,  Dowd  Dent  and 
other  varieties.  The  ears  are  medium  in  size  and  usually  tapering. 
The  kernels  are  broad,  smooth,  hard  and  bright  and  have  very 
Httle  soft  starch  so  that  the  indentation  is  not  pronounced.  The 
kernels  are  also  shallow  and  rounding  and  there  are  wide  spaces 
between  the  rows.  These  varieties  ripen  satisfactorily  in  practically 
every  season  and  give  good  yields  of  high  quality  corn.  They  are 
well  adapted  to  southern  New  England  conditions.  They  combine 
many  of  the  desirable  features  of  flint  corn  with  dent,  habit  of 
growth  and  yielding  capacity. 

A  host  of  other  varieties  including  white  dents,  golden  dents  and 
many  other  diverse  kinds  of  dent  corn  are  grown  but  cannot  be 


392 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION 


BULLETIN   259. 


classified  in  any  group.  There  are  also  varieties  intermediate 
between  dent  and  flint  such  as  Luce's  Favorite  and  Hickory  King. 
The  former  has  every  indication  of  being  a  recent  hybrid  between 
dent  and  flint  corn  and  is  quite  variable. 

Source  of  Seed. 

As  far  as  possible  seed  has  been  obtained  each  year  from  the 
original  grower.  The  practice  has  been  to  obtain  from  ten  to 
twenty  ears  at  harvest  time  either  from  the  stalks  in  the  field  or 
from  the  crib  shortly  after  husking.     No  extensive  selection  of 


Figure  24. 
One  farmer's  method  of  hanging  seed  ears. 


seed  ears  was  made,  the  endeavor  being  to  obtain  good  ears 
representative  of  the  variety,  such  as  the  grower  would  sell  for 
seed  if  he  were  putting  out  any  quantity.  The  seed  ears  in  most 
cases  were  not  show  ears  but  were  generally  as  good  as  the  grower 
would  use  for  his  own  planting.  Experience  has  shown  that  there 
is  very  little  correlation  between  the  appearance  of  the  seed  ears 
and  the  crop  grown  from  them.  Since  ten  or  more  ears  were 
obtained  from  different  parts  of  the  field,  seldom  more  than  one 
ear  from  a  shock,  it  is  thought  that  the  seed  represented  the 
variety  fairly.  Most  of  the  seed  from  out  of  the  state  wa.s  sent 
by  the  grower  or  dealer  and  was  already  shelled.  Nothing  is 
known  as  to  how  this  seed  was  selected.     Enough  seed  was  ob- 


CORN    IN    CONNECTICUT  393 

tained  in  each  case  so  that  it  was  fairly  representative  of  the 
variety. 

Whenever  one  year  old  seed  was  not  available  two  year  old 
seed  has  been  used  but  in  no  case  has  seed  older  than  this  been 
used.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  no  seed  was  saved  from  the 
trial  plots  since  cross-polhnation  alters  the  nature  of  the  crop 
grown  from  that  seed  so  that  it  would  no  longer  represent  the 
variety.  The  seed  ears  were  dried  in  a  heated  room  and  stored 
above  freezing  temperature.  When  thoroughly  dried  all  the  ears 
of  one  variety  were  shelled  together  and  the  seed  well  mixed.  It 
was  then  divided,  one  half  being  used  for  planting  at  the  farm  of 
each  Station. 

Where  the  Tests  Were  Conducted. 

The  Mt.  Carmel  farm  is  situated  about  ten  miles  inland  from 
the  shore  at  a  moderate  elevation  on  soil  that  is  classified  as 
Wethersfield  Sandy  Loam.  The  air  drainage  is  such  that  the 
corn  is  seldom  damaged  by  the  first  frosts  in  the  fall.  The  grow- 
ing season  is  therefore  extended  a  week  or  more  beyond  the  time 
that  corn  is  frosted  in  the  adjacent  valleys. 

On  this  farm  corn  has  been  planted  from  the  20th  to  the  25th 
of  May.and  cut  during  the  latter  part  of  September  or  first  half 
of  October.  The  land  used  for  the  corn  variety  tests  is  typical 
of  much  of  the  upland  soil  in  Connecticut  and  is  fairly  representa- 
tive as  to  fertility.  The  fields  have  been  rotated  with  various 
other  crops,  principally  clover  and  timothy  and  potatoes.  Corn 
has  usually  been  grown  two  years  in  succession.  About  ten  tons 
of  manure  to  the  acre  have  been  used  together  with  applications 
of  commercial  fertihzer  of  about  a  thousand  pounds  per  acre  of  a 
4-8-4  formula  although  the  amounts  and  composition  have  va- 
ried from  year  to  year.  The  aim  has  been  to  have  the  corn  land 
representative  of  the  average  corn  land  in  the  state  in  fertility. 

The  station  farm  at  Storrs  is  in  the  eastern  highland  35  miles 
from  the  sound.  The  soil  is  Gloucester  Fine  Sandy  Loam,  a  well 
drained  soil  of  rather  low  natural  fertility.  It  is  typical  of  much 
of  the  eastern  portion  of  the  state.  The  air  drainage  is  good  and 
corn  is  not  affected  by  the  earliest  frosts.  The  rotation  and  fer- 
tilization practice  has  been  much  the  same  as  at  Mt.  Carmel;  The 
two  places  in  different  parts  of  the  state  and  in  different  bio- 
logical zones  make  possible  an  interesting  comparison  of  the 
behavior  of  the  same  varieties  grown  under  different  conditions. 

Method  of  Testing  the  Varieties. 

The  plan  has  been  to  grow  each  variety  in  both  places  at  least 
three  years.  Since  varieties  perform  differently  in  different  sea- 
sons it  is  necessary  to  have  more  than  one  year's  results  upon 
which  to  base  reliable  conclusions.    In  some  cases  varieties  have 


394 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION 


BULLETIN   259. 


shown  up  so  poorly  the  first  or  second  year  grown  that  it  has  not 
seemed  worth  while  to  test  them  further  so  they  have  been  dropped. 
In  many  cases  it  has  been  impossible  to  secure  seed  because  the 
farmer  stopped  growing  the  variety  and  no  other  source  of  simihar 
seed  could  be  located.  In  general  the  practice  has  been  to  continue 
every  variety  that  ripened  satisfactorily  and  of  which  a  supply 
of  seed  seemed  assured,  for  at  least  three  years.    The  more  promis- 


Figure  25. 
A  convenient  method  of  hang- 
ing seed  ears. 

ing  varieties  were  grown  throughout  the  experiment  while  those 
that  yielded  poorly  or  were  unsatisfactory  for  other  reasons  were 
discontinued  after  being  tested  three  years.  However  the  number 
'of  years  a  variety  has  been  grown  is  not  a  rehable  index  of  its 
desirabihty  as  many  good  varieties  were  not  included  in  the  test 
until  the  later  years. 


CORN    IN    CONNECTICUT  395 


Planting  System. 


The  usual  practice  has  been  to  plant  each  variety  in  single 
row  plots,  grouping  together  varieties  of  the  same  type,  size  and 
length  of  growing  season.  Each  variety  has  been  planted  in  at 
least  two  plots  in  different  parts  of  the  field  and  as  far  as  possible 
the  plantings  have  been  rephcated  three  times.  Single  row  plant- 
ings are  subject  to  a  competitive  effect  which  is  not  present  when 
the  varieties  are  grown  by  themselves.  A  tall,  large,  late  growing 
variety  planted  along  side  of  a  smaller  and  earher  variety  will 
tend  to  have  an  advantage  because  it  will  receive  more  sunlight 
and  will  have  less  root  competition  than  it  would  have  growing 
in  a  field  planted  to  this  one  variety.  Consequently  its  yield  may 
be  higher  than  it  would  otherwise  be.  In  the  same  way  the  yield 
of  the  smaller  variety  may  be  reduced  below  what  it  would  be  if 
it  were  not  competing  with  the  larger  variety.  Kiesselbach  at  the 
Nebraska  Station  compared  two  widely  different  varieties  of  dent 
corn  and  found  that  the  larger  and  later  variety  in  the  single  row 
trials  yielded  105  per  cent,  more  than  the  other  variety  whereas, 
when  planted  in  blocks  of  three  rows  and  the  jdeld  based  only  on 
the  center  row,  it  yielded  only  52  per  cent,  more  as  an  average  of 
two  years'  trials.  However,  this  example  is  an  extreme  case. 
Varieties  of  similar  habit  of  growth  do  not  show  such  a  competi- 
tive effect.  In  1915  three  row  plots  were  used  at  both  stations. 
If  there  was  a  pronounced  competitive  effect  between  adjacent 
rows  of  different  varieties  the  yields  of  the  large  and  later  varieties 
in  the  outside  rows  of  the  three  row  plots  would  tend  to  be  higher, 
while  the  yield  of  the  smaller  and  earlier  varieties  would  be  lower, 
than  the  center  row  of  each  plot  which  is  presumably  free  from 
influence  by  the  other  variety.  Consequently  the  yields  of  the 
two  outer  plots  should  be  more  variable  than  the  yield  of  the 
center  plot  for  the  variety  test  field  as  a  whole.  The  coefficients  of 
variability  calculated  for  each  of  the  three  rows  for  69  varieties 
are  13.93 ±1.75  and  15.01  ±  1.89  for  the  two  outer  rows  and 
13.93  dz  1.75  for  the  center  row.  In  this  case  there  was  no  signi- 
ficant difference  so  there  was  apparently  no  marked  competitive 
effect.  For  this  reason  the  three  row  plots  were  not  used  after 
1915.  Planting  in  single  rows  permitted  more  replications.  The 
order  in  which  the  varieties  were  planted  was  changed  in  each 
replication  so  that  the  same  varieties  were  not  grown  adjacent 
to  each  other.  Fhnt  and  dent  varieties  were  grown  separately 
with  a  guard  row  where  plots  adjoined.  For  these  reasons  it  is 
beheved  that  competitive  effect  is  not  a  serious  factor  for  error 
in  these  trials  although  in  some  cases  it  has  tended  to  exaggerate 
the  differences.  In  any  case  there  can  be  no  effect  unless  the 
varieties  differ  in  capacity  to  produce  and  it  was  mainly  to  estab- 
lish this  fact  of  a  difference  in  varieties  that  the  corn  survey  and 
variety  trials  were  conducted. 


396  connecticut  experiment  station  bulletin  259. 

Ceoss  Pollination. 
Since  all  of  the  varieties  were  grown  in  the  same  field,  cross 
pollination  took  place  freely  between  varieties  which  tasseled  and 
silked  at  the  same  time.  This  was  shown  by  the  large  nmnber  of 
yellow  kernels  produced  on  white  seeded  varieties.  Cross-polh- 
nation  can  have  no  effect  upon  the  plant  itself  but  it  does  effect 
the  seeds  immediately  resulting  from  the  cross-pollination.  Of 
course  the  plants  grown  from  these  crossed  seeds  would  be  greatly 
altered  but  since  no  seed  was  saved  from  the  test  fields  this  can 
be  left  out  of  consideration.  A  number  of  investigators  have 
shown  that  cross-pollination  between  different  varieties  increases 
the  weight  of  the  crossed  seeds  as  compared  to  the  self-pollinated 
seeds  on  the  same  ears  and  this  tends  to  increase  the  yields  in 
mixed  plantings. 


Figure  26. 
Variation  in  size  of  different  varieties  of  dent  corn. 

Carrier  compared  the  yield  of  four  strains  of  Boone  County 
White  corn  from  different  sources  grown  separately  and  mixed 
together.  The  four  strains  when  grown  in  such  a  way  that  inter- 
pollination  was  prevented  gave  an  average  of  20.9  bushels  per 
acre  while  an  equal  mixture  of  seed  of  the  four  strains  yielded 
32.4  bushels  in  a  two  year  test.  Similarly  four  strains  of  Learning 
grown  separately  gave  26.0  and  in  mixture  40.4  bushels.  It  is 
difficult  to  account  for  these  large  increases  of  55  per  cent  in  each 
case  as  due  to  hybrid  vigor  in  the  seed.  Kiesselbach  has  made 
a  very  careful  comparison  of  cross  and  self-pollinated  seeds  on 
the  same  ears  from  a  number  of  different  varieties  and  found  an 
increase  of  only  22  hundredths  of  one  per  cent. 

Results  obtained  at  the  Connecticut  Station  show  that  increase 
in  the  weight  of  seed  due  to  cross-pollination  is  an  indication  that 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT  397 

the  plants  are  poor  yielders.  Cross-pollination  between  inbred 
strains  that  were  much  reduced  in  yield  gave  increases  ranging 
as  high  as  35  per  cent.  Cross-pollination  between  first  genera- 
tion hybrids  which  were  vigorous  and  yielded  well  gave  smaller 
increases  in  weight  of  cross-pollinated  seeds  not  exceeding  ten 
per  cent  whereas  the  highest  yielding  type  of  all  did  not  give  any 
increase  in  weight  when  cross-pollinated  with  a  distinctly  dif- 
ferent variety.  If  this  is  generally  true,  mixed  plantings  as  in 
variety  tests  would  tend  to  increase  somewhat  the  yield  of  the 
poorer-yielding  varieties  and  in  this  way  might  be  misleading. 
It  seems  more  probable  that  the  increased  yield  from  mixed 
plantings  is  due  to  a  more  complete  pollination  and  consequently 
a  heavier  setting  of  seed  rather  than  increase  in  weight  of  seeds 
due  to  hybrid  vigor.  This  would  affect  all  varieties  alike  presum- 
ably except  the  earliest  and  latest  varieties. 

Planting,  Harvesting  and  Computing  Yields. 
The  varieties  grown  for  grain  have  been  planted  in  hills  three 
feet  apart  each  way  and  thinned  to  three  stalks  to  the  hill.  The 
plots  have  varied  from  66  to  150  feet  in  length  in  different  years 
according  to  the  size  of  the  field  and  the  number  of  varieties 
planted.  The  corn  was  cut  as  soon  as  ripe  and  put  into  shocks. 
When  husked  and  weighed  a  sample  of  about  15  pounds  was  taken 
from  each  lot  and  dried  in  a  steam  heated  room  to  a  constant 
weight.  A  composite  sample  was  then  taken  from  all  the  varie- 
ties to  find  the  amount  of  moisture  still  remaining.  From  this  the 
yield  in  bushels  of  shelled  corn  per  acre  with  12  per  cent  mois- 
ture was  calculated  for  each  plot,  using  68  pounds  of  ear  corn 
equivalent  to  one  bushel  of  shelled  corn.  Throughout  the  test 
field  every  fifth  plot  was  planted  with  one  variety  as  a  check  to 
indicate  differences  in  productiveness  in  different  parts  of  the 
field.  The  theoretical  check  yield  was  calculated  for  each  row 
from  the  yields  of  the  two  check  plots  on  each  side  by  increasing 
or  decreasing  the  difference  uniformily  in  the  intervening  rows. 
At  Mt.  Carmel  the  difference  in  the  yield  of  the  variety  and  the 
theoretical  check  yield  was  then  added  to  or  subtracted  from  the 
average  of  all  the  check  rows  to  give  the  final  yield.  This  pro- 
cedure may  be  illustrated  as  follows: 


B 

3 

o 

s 

a 
o 

6 

« 

o 
O 

2 
"S 

>> 

'a 

3 

< 

H  §0 

DifEerence      be- 
tween   actual 
yield    of   corn 
tested  and  the- 
oretical yield  of 
check. 

(u  a 
O  o 

adding   or   sub- 
tracting     this 
difference  to  the 
ave.  of  all  check 
plots  grown 

1 

check 

50 

50 

0 

52.5 

2 

variety  A 

75 

51 

+24 

76.5 

3 

variety 

B 

70 

52 

+  18 

70.5 

4 

variety 

C 

40 

58 

-13 

39.5 

5 

variety 

D 

50 

54 

-4 

48.5 

6 

check 

55 

55 

0 

52.5 

398  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION  BULLETIN  259. 

In  this  way  the  yields  obtained  in  one  part  of  the  field  can  be 
compared  with  the  yields  in  other  parts  of  the  field.  After  cor- 
recting for  place  variation  in  this  way  the  yields  of  the  different 
plots  of  the  same  variety  have  been  averaged.  At  Storrs  the 
actual  yields  were  compared  with  the  theoretical  check  yields  on 
a    percentage    basis. 

In  the  silage  test  the  varieties  have  been  planted  in  drills,  at 
Mt.  Carmel,  spacing  the  plants  one  foot  apart  in  the  rows,  with  the 
rows  three  feet  apart.  The  varieties  were  cut  at  different  times  as 
they  matured.  At  Storrs  all  varieties  were  planted  in  hills  and  cut 
at  the  same  time  which  was  usually  shortly  before  or  shortly  after 
the  first  kilKng  frost.     The  plants  were  weighed  as  soon  as  cut 


Figure  27. 
A  field  of  flint  corn  in  Kent, 

in  the  field  and  a  sample  obtained  by  taking  every  tenth  stalk 
in  the  row.  This  was  chopped  and  dried  to  absolute  dryness 
and  the  per  cent  of  moisture  calculated  from  this.  The  yield  in 
green  weight  per  acre  was  obtained  for  each  plot,  corrected  to 
the  check  plots  and  averaged.  The  yield  of  dry  matter  per  acre 
was  then  calculated  by  multiplying  this  average  by  the  average 
per  cent  of  dry  matter  in  the  samples  of  that  variety. 

Discussion  and  Analysis  of  the  Results. 

The  results  obtained  from  growing  the  varieties  at  Mt.  Carmel 
and  at  Storrs  from  1914  to  1922  are  given  in  the  accompanying 
tables.  The  number  of  years  tested,  the  color  of  the  seed,  the 
relative  maturity,  the  actual  yield  in  bushels  of  shelled  grain  per 


COEX   IX    COXXECTICUT  399 

acre  and  the  relative  yield  are  given  for  the  dent  and  flint  varie- 
ties grown  for  grain  at  INIt.  Carmel.  At  Storrs,  in  addition  to 
these  data,  figines  were  also  obtained  for  the  production  of  stover, 
the  per  cent  of  drj^  matter  in  the  ear  corn  at  harvest  and  the  per 
cent  of  soft  corn.  As  would  be  expected  the  yields  of  all  varieties 
varied  with  the  season.  For  example,  the  highest  jdeld  obtained 
at  IMt.  Carmel  during  the  nine  years  of  the  test  ranged  from  59 
bushels  in  1920  to  114  bushels  in  1917.  Since  the  varieties  were 
not  all  grown  in  the  same  years  the  only  way  to  compare  them 
i&iily  with  each  other  is  to  calculate  their  Aield  relative  to  the 
jdeld  of  some  one  variety  gi^own  everj-  3-ear.  This  has  been  done, 
using  Burwell's  Yellow  Flint  as  the  standard  of  comparison  be- 
cause it  ripened  every  year  and  was  well  adapted  to  the  condi- 
tions at  both  places.  It  was  used  as  the  check  for  the  flint  varie- 
ties at  Storrs  and  Mt.  Carmel  and  its  j'ield  is  based  on  an  average 
of  a  large  nimiber  of  plots.  The  relative  figures  given  in  the  tables 
are  the  percentage  ratings  based  on  Burwell  as  100.  In  the  case  of 
%4eld,  for  example,  the  relative  Adeld  is  obtained  bj^  dii-iding  the 
actual  j-ield  of  each  variet}'  bj'  the  jdeld  of  BurweU  for  that  j'ear 
with  the  result  stated  as  percent.  The  relative  yield  for  each 
3'ear  is  then  averaged  to  give  the  final  relative  jaeld  given  in  the 
tables.  A  relative  }-ield  above  100  indicates  to  what  extent  the 
variety  surpassed  Burwell's  Yellow  FHnt  in  jdeld  of  grain  while 
a  result  below  100  inchcates  a  corresponding^  inferior  j-ield. 

The  number  of  days  which  a  variety  requires  to  mature  can 
not  be  determined  with  am^  great  degree  of  accuracy.  The  method 
used  was  to  go  thru  the  field  at  stated  intervals  during  the  ripen- 
ing period  and  note  all  varieties  that  were  readj"  to  be  cut  and 
put  in  the  shock.  This  was  determined  when  most  of  the  ears 
were  well  glazed,  the  lower  leaves  dr;>dng  and  the  husks  turning 
yellow.  Usually  one  observer  took  the  notes  on  maturity  for 
aU  the  varieties  so  that  the  results  are  comparative.  Since  the 
time  of  maturity  varied  with  the  seasons  it  is  necessary  to  state 
maturity  relative  to  some  one  variety  as  in  the  case  of  jield.  The 
relative  times  to  mature  for  each  variety  for  each  of  the  years  it 
was  gi'own  have  been  calculated  and  averaged.  Based  on  these 
averages  aU  varieties  have  been  classified  as  early,  medium,  late 
or  ver3"  late  according  to  an  arbitrary  number  of  clays.  This  scale 
was  determined  by  classifjTQg  aU  the  varieties  in  fairly  even 
sized  groups.  The  scale  is  the  same  for  both  dent  and  flint  varie- 
ties grown  for  grain  at  both  Storrs  and  Mt.  Carmel.  A  different 
scale  was  used  for  the  silage  varieties.  Xo  great  accuracy  is 
claimed  for  this  method  of  classification  but  it  is  thought  the 
results  would  be  more  useful  stated  in  tliis  waj^  rather  than  in 
actual  number  of  days  recjuired  to  mature.  AU  varieties  that 
matiued  in  approximately  117  days  or  less  are  classed  as  early, 
those  between  118  and  126  as  medimn,  between  127  and  1.35  as 
late  and  aU  that  reciuired  more  than  136  days  as  very  late.    Since 


400 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION 


BULLETIN   259. 


the  corn  was  planted  about  the  twentieth  of  May  each  year  this 
means  that  the  early  varieties  were  mature  about  September 
fifteenth  on  the  average.  The  medium  varieties  matured  around 
the  twenty-fifth,  the  late  varieties  about  the  first  week  m  October. 
Any  varieties  maturing  later  than  that  or  which  did  not  mature 
before  frost  are  classed  as  very  late.  These  are  average  results. 
In  some  seasons  all  varieties  required  a  longer  period  of  time  to 
ripen  than  they  did  in  other  seasons. 

On  account  of  the  variabihty  of  the  fields  on  which  these  tests 
were  conducted  and  the  great  fluctuation  from  season  to  season 
it  is  extremely  difficult  to  get  rehable  results  upon  which  to  base  a 
comparison  of  varieties.  Although  the  use  of  check  plots  tends  to 
correct  for  soil  differences  and  calculating  the  yields  relative  to  a 


Figure  28. 
An  early  type  of  flint  corn. 

single  variety  tends  to  offset  seasonal  variation  it  is  certain  that 
varieties  react  differently  in  different  situations  and  in  different 
seasons.  Variation  in  the  stand  of  plants  and  plot  competition 
all  enter  as  factors  to  make  the  results  erratic.  Another  serious 
problem  in  variety  tests  is  the  rate  of  planting.  Mooers  at  the 
Tennessee  Station  and  others  have  shown  that  there  is  an  optimum 
rate  of  planting  for  each  variety  and  that  this  varies  with  the 
productivity  of  the  soil  and  season.  In  general  mall  growing 
varieties  give  their  best  yields  when  planted  thick  while  larger 
varieties  must  be  planted  more  thinly  to  give  their  best  results. 
In  a  test  of  a  large  number  of  varieties  it  has  been  unpossible  to 
plant  the  varieties  at  different  rates.  The  rate  used,  three  plants 
to  a  hill  spaced  three  feet  apart  each  way,  had  been  shown  to 
give  the  best  results  for  many  of  the  varieties  grown  in  Connect- 
icut and  so  was  used.      But  it  seems  apparent  that  manj^  of  the 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT  401 

larger  varieties  were  handicapped  at  this  rate  of  planting.  For 
all  of  these  reasons  small  differences  in  yield  do  not  necessarily 
indicate  any  real  differences  in  yielding  ability,  particularly  in 
varieties  that  have  been  tested  less  than  three  years. 

Productiveness  of  Flint  Varieties  at  Mt.  Carmel  and  Storrs. 

Many  varieties  which  give  the  highest  yields  at  Mt.  Carmel 
are  also  good  producers  at  Storrs  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  dif- 
ferences in  soil  and  season  tend  to  make  varieties  behave  differ- 
ently in  the  two  places.  For  this  reason  the  tests  show  real  dif- 
ferences in  yielding  capacity.  In  all,  62  varieties  of  flint  corn 
were  grown  at  Mt.  Carmel.  Of  these  38  were  grown  three  years 
or  more.  At  Storrs  72  flint  varieties  were  grown  and  of  these  44 
were  tested  three  years  or  more.  In  the  hst  of  the  20  highest 
yielding  flint  varieties  at  Mt.  Carmel,  tested  for  three  years  or 
more  there  are  15  which  are  also  in  the  Hst  of  20  highest  yielding 
flint  varieties  at  Storrs.  Therefore  three  out  of  four  are  among 
the  highest  yielders  in  both  places,  whereas  by  pure  chance  alone 
less  than  one  but  of  four  would  be  found  on  both  lists. 

Highest' YiELBiNG  Flint  Varieties. 

Those  varieties  that  are  among  the  highest  yielders  at  both  places  are 
given  in  italics.  All  varieties  are  listed  alphabeticallj^  and  not  in  order 
of  their  productiveness : 

GROWN   AT  MT.    CARMEL  GROWN   AT  STORRS 

Avery's  White  Flint  Bacon's  Gold  Nugget 

Bacon's  Gold  Nugget  Behan's  Longfellow 

Behan's  Longfellow  BisseU's  Yellow  Button 

Bissetl's  Yellow  Button  Burwell's  Yellow  Flint 

Burwell's  Yellow  Flint  Chace's  Yellow  Flint 

Frost's  Yellow  Flint  Frost's  Yellow  Flint 

Gelston's  Longfellow  Griswold's  Canada  Yellow 

Ibsen's  Yellow  Fhnt  Hauschild's  Yellow  Flint 

Keeler's  Longfellow  Healy's  Yellow  Flint 

Mammoth  White  Flint  Keeler's  Longfellow 

McLean's  Flint  Mammoth  White  Flint 

Mosher's  Longfellow  Mosher's  Longfellow 

Pied  Flint  -  Pied  Flint 

Purdy's  Gold  Nugget  Purdy's  Gold  Nugget 
B.  I.  Exp.  Station's  B.  I.  White  Flint   B.  I.  Exp.  Station's  B.  L  White  Flint 

Sanford  White  Flint  Sanford  White  Flint 

Skilton's  Smut  Nose  Fhnt  Skilton's  Yellow  Flint 

Skitton's  Yellow  Flint  Stickney's  Yellow  Flint 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  No.  193  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  No.  193 

Zurich's  Yellow  Flint  Zurich's  Yellow  Flint 

Productiveness  of  Dent  Varieties  at  Mt.  Carmel  and  at 

Storrs. 

In  all,  70  varieties  of  dent  corn  were  grown  at  Mt.  Carmel  and 
69  at  Storrs.  Of  these  36  and  37  respectively  were  tested  three 
years  or  more.     Of  the  20  highest  yielding  dent  varieties  at  Mt. 


402  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION  BULLETIN    259. 

Carmel  14  are  also  among  the  20  highest  at  Storrs.  Here  again 
nearly  three  out  of  four  of  the  high  yielders  are  the  same  varieties 
in  both  places  where  the  chances,  if  all  varieties  were  potentially 
equal,  would  be  about  one  in  four.  Among  six  high  jdelding 
varieties  at  Mt.  Carmel  that  are  not  in  the  high  yielding  hst  at 
Storrs  there  are  four  that  were  late  varieties  from  the  southern  part 
of  the  state  or  farther  south  that  did  not  ripen  well  at  Storrs.  On 
the  other  hand  four  of  the  six  high  yielders  at  Storrs  not  repre- 
sented at  Mt.  Carmel  are  medium  or  early  varieties  from  the 
central  or  northern  part  of  the  state  and  for  that  reason  might  not 
be  expected  to  yield  well  at  Mt.  Carmel. 

Highest  Yielding  Dent  Varieties 
Those  varieties  that  are  among  the  liighest  at  both  places  are  given  in 
itaUcs.     All  varieties  are  listed  alphabetically  and  not  in  order  of  their  pro- 
ductiveness. 

GROWN   AT   MT.    CARMEL  GROWN   AT  STORRS 

Beardsley's  Learning  Beardsley's  Learning 

Brewer's  Dent  Century  Dent 

Century  Dent  Dowd  Dent 

Corinecticut  Dent  Early  Michigan 

Cornell  No.  11  Hamilton's  Learning 

Dowd  Dent  Herr's  White  Cap 

Early  Michigan  Hickory  King 

Funk's  90  Day  Johnson's  Yellow  Dent 

Herr's  White  Cap  Lakeside  Dent 

Klondyke  Lanterman's  Learning 

Lakeside  Dent  Luce's  Favorite 

Lanterman's  Learning  Northern  White  Dent 

Luce's  Favorite  Peck's  Yellow  Dent 

Minnesota  White  Cap  Prince's  Leaming 

Northern  White  Dent  Sharon  White  Cap 

Silver  King  Silver  King 

Sutton's  Dent  Sutton's  Dent 

Tryon  Dent  Tryon  Dent 

Vinehill  Leaming  Vinehill  Leaming 

Webber's  Dent  Webber's  Dent 

The  high  yielding  varieties  of  both  dents  and  flints  were  somewhat 
later  in  maturing  on  the  average  than  the  general  run  of  varieties. 
There  were  no  early  dents  in  the  hst  of  20  highest  either  at  Storrs 
or  Mt.  Carmel.  Among  the  20  flints  there  were  five  early  varieties 
at  Storrs  and  three  at  Mt.  Carmel.  Most  of  the  high  yielding 
varieties  were  medium  in  time  of  ripening.  The  correlation  between 
number  of  days  to  mature  and  yield  is  rather  high  when  the  dents 
and  flints  are  considered  together,  the  co-efficient  of  correlation 
being  +.580 ±.035  for  the  Storrs  data.  For  the  flints  alone  the 
correlation  co-efficient  is  +.416±.039  and  for  the  dents  alone, 
—  .039 ±.050.  The  lack  of  correlation  in  the  latter  case  is  due  to 
the  fact  that  many  late  varieties  did  not  mature  properly  and 
yielded  poorly  for  that  reason.  The  high  correlation  for  the  dents 
and  flints  together  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  dents  as  a  class  ripen 
later  than  the  flints  and  3deld  correspondingly  more. 


corn  in  connecticut  403 

Quality  of  Husked  Corn, 
With  regard  to  quality  of  husked  corn  the  high  yielding  varieties 
are  surpassed  by  some  early  ripening  sorts  as  might  be  expected. 
Data  were  obtained  at  Storrs  on  the  amount  of  moisture  in  the  ear 
corn  at  husking  and  the  proportion  of  soft  corn,  which  includes  all 
corn  that  is  immature,  moldy  and  otherwise  unfit  to  crib  well. 
These  figures  for  the  dents  and  flints  calculated  on  the  percentage 
basis  relative  to  Burwell  are  given  in  the  accompanying  table. 

Comparison  of  the  Highest  Yielding  Dents  and  Flints  with  all 
Varieties  in  Relative  Amount  of  Dry  Matter  and  Soft  Corn. 

Relative      per  Relative 

cent  dry  matter  amount     of 

in  ear  corn.  soft   corn 

Average  of  20  highest  yielding  dent 

varieties 90  820 

Average  of  all  dent  varieties 92  579 

Average    of    20    highest    jdelding   flint 

varieties. .  ._ .  _. 98  299 

Average  of  all  flint  varieties 100  174 

In  general,  therefore,  it  is  apparent  that  a  high  yielding  variety 
will  be  obtained  with  some  sacrifice  in  quahty  of  corn  and  with 
some  risk  as  to  maturity.  None  of  the  high  yielding  dents  are  in 
the  class  of  early  varieties.  On  the  other  hand  some  of  the  highest 
yielding  varieties  are  below  the  average  in  the  proportion  of  soft 
corn.  In  the  amount  of  stover  produced  the  twenty  highest  dents 
and  flints  at  Storrs,  where  the  data  were  taken,  are  above  the 
average  as  would  be  expected,  as  a  vigorous  growth  with  large 
stalks  and  leaf  surfaces  is  necessary  to  make  large  yields. 

Varieties  for  Silage. 

Since  many  varieties  of  corn  are  grown  for  silage  which  do  not 
mature  properly  for  husking  a  separate  test  of  corn  for  silage  has 
been  made  at  both  Storrs  and  Mt.  Carmel.  The  method  of  planting 
the  varieties  with  the  use  of  check  and  guard  rows  has  been  the 
same  as  with  the  other  varieties.  Enough  seed  was  used  to  insure 
as  nearly  perfect  a  stand  of  plants  as  possible  and  the  excess 
seedHngs  thinned  out  as  soon  as  large  enough  to  be  pulled.  As 
explained  before,  the  entire  stalks  from  each  plot  were  weighed  in 
the  field  as  soon  as  cut  and  a  sample  taken  to  determine  the 
amount  of  moisture  in  the  corn  as  it  would  go  into  the  silo.  Yields 
are  based  on  the  total  amount  of  dry  matter  produced. 

Seventy-eight  varieties  were  tested  for  silage  purposes  at  Storrs 
of  which  26  were  grown  three  years  or  more.  Of  the  total  number 
6  varieties  were  flints.  The  others  were  dents  with  the  exception 
of  a  few  varieties  like  Hickory  King  and  Luce's  Favorite  which 
are  intermediate  in  type.  At  Mt.  Carmel  46  varieties  were  tested, 
21  being  grown  three  years  or  more.  Five  varieties  of  flints  were 
included. 


404  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION  BULLETIN   259. 

Highest  Yielding  Silage  Varieties. 

Those  varieties  that  are  among  the  highest  at  both  places  are  given  in 
itahcs.  All  varieties  are  listed  alphabetically  and  not  in  order  of  their  pro- 
ductiveness. 

GROWN   AT   MT.    CARMEL  GROWN   AT   STORRS 

Beardsley's  Learning  Beardsley' s  Learning 

Brewer's  Dent  Dowd  Dent 

Eureka  Early  Michigan 

Funk's  90  Day  Eureka 

Gelston's  Ensilage  Funk's  90  Day 

Griswold's  White  Cap  Hickory  King 

Klondyke  Klondyke 

Lakeside  Lakeside 

Luce's  Favorite  Learning  (W.  H.  Strong) 

Mastodon  Mastodon 

Northern  White  Dent  Northern  White  Dent 

Webber's  Dent  Sutton's  Dent 

The  accompanying  list  of  12  highest  yielding  varieties  at  Storrs 
and  Mt.  Carmel  is  based  on  the  percentage  rating  giving  the  yield 
in  dry  matter  per  acre  relative  to  the  yield  of  Eureka  stated  as 
100  per  cent.  If  we  consider  only  the  highest  yielding  six  varieties 
at  both  places,  which  is  roughly  one-fourth  of  the  number  of 
varieties  grown  three  years  or  more,  we  find  that  four  varieties  are 
included  on  both  hsts.  Since  the  expectancy  on  the  basis  of  random 
distribution  is  less  than  one  in  sixteen  because  not  all  varieties 
were  grown  at  both  places  it  is  apparent  that  the  test  has  brought 
out  actual  differences  in  yielding  capacity. 

At  both  Storrs  and  Mt.  Carmel,  Eureka  has  given  the  highest 
average  yield  of  dry  matter  per  acre  of  all  varieties,  with  Mastodon 
second.  These  late  maturing  southern  grown  varieties  make  a 
large  vegetative  growth  but  seldom  go  beyond  the  milk  stage  at 
Storrs,  At  New  Haven  the  grain  frequently  reaches  the  soft  dough 
stage  and  in  some  years  many  of  the  ears  are  glazed.  However, 
the  proportion  of  grain  is  always  low  even  under  the  best  con- 
ditions. The  leaves  also  frequently  die  and  fall  off  the  lower  half 
of  the  stalks  due  to  the  dense  shading  so  that  the  silage  is  largely 
made  up  of  stalks.  As  the  corn  goes  into  the  silo  the  per  cent  of 
dry  matter  is  lower  than  the  average  of  all  varieties  tested  as 
follows : 

Per  cent  Dry  Matter. 
Storrs     Mt.  Carmel 

Eiu-eka 20  27 

Mastodon 20  29 

Average  of  all  varieties 26  31 

It  is  therefore  apparent  that  these  late  varieties  make  silage 
that  is  bulky  but  low  in  actual  food  value.  Eureka  silage  is  higher 
in  water  and  crude  fiber  and  lower  in  protein,  sugar,  starch  and 
fat  than  earher  maturing  varieties.  However,  the  greater  produc- 
tion of  dry  matter  per  acre  tends  to  make  up  for  tliis  but  the 
amount  of  some  of  the  ingredients  per  acre  produced  by  Eureka 


Crude 
Protein 

490 

Crude 
Fiber 

2455 

Nitrogen 
Free  Extract 

5244 

Fat 

108 

Total 

Dry 

Matter 

8658 

569 

2087 

5087 

132 

8247 

623 

1792 

5244 

195 

8161 

505 

1326 

4353 

169 

6599 

CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT  405 

and  Mastodon  is  still  below  the  production  of  varieties  that  reg- 
ularly reach  the  dough  stage  as  shown  by  the  data  at  Storrs. 

Production  in  Pounds  per  acre  of  the  Principal  Ingredients  op 
Silage  from  Different  Varieties. 

Ash 

Eureka 361 

Mastodon 372 

Learning 307 

Pride  of  the  North..  .  .  246 

As  producers  of  starch  and  sugar  (nitrogen  free  extract)  and 
mineral  matter  (ash)  the  very  late  varieties  are  equal  to  any 
varieties  but  are  deficient  per  unit  of  area  in  protein  and  fat. 

There  is  also  the  question  of  comparative  palatability  and 
digestibihty  of  the  silage  which  obviously  cannot  be  answered  save 
by  feeding  the  silage  and  noting  the  result.  This  has  been  done 
at  the  Storrs  Station  and  the  results  have  been  reported  by  Slate, 
White  and  others.  The  experiment  was  carried  out  by  growing 
three  different  types  of  corn — early,  medium  and  late — and  feeding 
the  silage  of  these  varieties  separately  to  three  different  lots  of 
milk  cows.  The  varieties  chosen  were:  Pride  of  the  North,  as  a 
variety  which  regularly  reaches  the  hard  dough  stage  at  Storrs; 
Learning,  from  seed  grown  in  Ohio  which  reaches  the  soft  dough 
stage  and  makes  a  large  stalk  growth;  and  Eureka,  a  southern 
white  variety  from  seed  grown  in  Virginia,  which  seldom  has  time 
to  grow  beyond  the  blister  or  milk  stage.  All  animals  were  fed 
the  same  amount  of  silage  supplemented  with  hay.  The  amount 
of  grain  fed  was  varied  to  maintain  constant  weight.  The  results 
are  summarized  by  the  authors  as  follows:* 

1.  "Silage  from  the  Early  Maturing  (Pride  of  the  North)  corn 
has  a  superior  feeding  value  for  milk  production  to  the  Late 
Maturing  (Eureka),  while  the  Medium  Maturing  (Leaming)  lies 
intermediate.  The  dry  matter  content  of  the  Leaming  is  almost 
exactly  halfway  between  the  other  two  and  likewise  the  feeding 
value  proved  to  be  about  halfway  between.  This  is  clear  when  it 
is  stated  that  with  Early  silage  28.57  pounds  of  grain  was  required 
to  produce  each  hundred  of  milk,  being  9.74  pounds  less  than  for 
Late  and  4.76  less  than  for  Medium." 

2.  "Due  to  the  larger  acre  yields  of  Late  and  Medium,  they  will 
produce  more  food  and  hence  more  milk  per  acre  than  the  Early 
maturing  corn.  The  Late  has  the  advantage  in  this  respect,  al- 
though to  procure  500  pounds  more  of  milk  it  was  necessary  to 
handle  four  tons  more  of  silage  in  and  out  of  the  silo.  On  land 
where  Early  will  yield  69  per  cent,  and  where  Medium  will  yield 
85.6  per  cent,  as  much  as  Late,  they  are  on  even  terms  in  produc- 
tion value.     Our  yields  of  Early  and  Medium  were  60  per  cent. 

*Storrs  Agric.  Exper.  Station  Bull.  121,  1924. 


406  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION  BULLETIN   259. 

and  80  per  cent,  respectively  of  the  tonnage  of  Late.  About  1.2 
acres  of  Early  and  1.1  acres  of  Medium  were,  therefore,  required 
to  equal  one  acre  of  Late  in  feeding  value." 

3.  "These  results  justify  the  use  of  the  Late  maturing,  high 
3aelding  varieties  of  corn  on  the  intensive  dairy  farms  of  northern 
and  northeastern  United  States.  However,  where  saving  of  other 
feeds  is  primary,  the  Medium  corn  of  good  yielding  capacity,  which 
reaches  the  dough  stage  before  harvesting  is  nearly  equal  to  the 
Late  in  acre  milk  production  value,  and  ton  for  ton  it  will  produce 
milk  at  a  13  per  cent,  saving  of  other  feeds.  But  the  Early  matur- 
ing varieties  will  generally  lose  out  in  intensive  dairy  sections 
because  of  their  low  yield,  even  though  they  are  more  valuable 
ton  for  ton." 

4.  'The  solution  of  the  problem  will  doubtless  be  found  in  this 
statement:  On  farms  where  the  price  of  milk  is  low  and  it  is 
desired  to  save  as  much  grain  as  possible.  Medium  should  pay  best; 
but  on  a  farm  where  the  available  corn  land  is  limited  and  the 
price  of  milk  reasonably  high.  Late  should  pay  best." 

Comparison  of  Dent  and  Flint  Corn. 

Many  things  must  be  taken  into  consideration  in  comparing 
dent  with  flint  varieties  of  corn  with  regard  to  their  suitabiHty  for 
grain  and  fodder  production.  The  principal  points  to  be  considered 
are  maturity,  yield,  quality  of  grain,  character  of  fodder  and 
germination  of  the  seed.  Both  tests  at  Storrs  and  Mt.  Carmel  show 
that  the  flint  on  the  average  matures  earher  than  the  dent  corn. 
There  is  a  difference  of  seven  per  cent,  in  favor  of  the  flints  at  both 
places  when  maturity  is  given  a  percentage  rating  relative  to  the 
maturity  of  one  variety  grown  throughout  the  test.  On  the  other 
hand  the  dents  yield  more  as  might  be  expected  since  they  have 
a  longer  growing  season.  At  Storrs  all  of  the  dents  average  58 
bushels,  the  flints  55  bushels.  At  Mt.  Carmel  the  yields  were  62 
to  59  in  favor  of  the  dents.  To  answer  the  question  as  to  whether 
or  not  there  is  any  difference  in  the  relative  efficiency  of  the  two 
types,  that  is,  the  rate  production  in  a  given  time,  medium  ripening 
dents  are  compared  with  flints  which  had  the  same  length  of 
growing  season.  Only  varieties  grown  three  years  or  more  are 
used.  Twenty-two  flints  averaged  55.4  and  23  dents  averaged  59.8 
bushels  at  Storrs.  This  is  a  difference  of  7.9  per  cent,  in  favor  of 
the  dents.  At  Mt.  Carmel  comparing  varieties  of  the  same  growing 
season,  33  flints  averaged  59.1  and  20  dents  averaged  65.3  bushels. 
This  is  a  difference  of  10.5  per  cent,  in  favor  of  the  dents.  Taking 
all  varieties  and  dividing  the  relative  yield  by  the  relative  number 
of  days  to  mature  we  get  0.990  and  0.924  per  cent,  for  dents  and 
flints  respectively  at  Storrs  and  0.971  and  0.940  at  Mt.  Carmel. 
These  figures  are  the  average  production  per  day  relative  to  the 
standard  variety  with  which  they  are  all  compared.     It  is  thus 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT  407 

seen  that  on  the  basis  of  production  per  day  the  dents  are  somewhat 
more  efficient  than  ffints. 

To  offset  tliis  advantage  the  flints  are  more  certain  producers 
and  over  a  period  of  years  will  ripen  their  crop  more  consistently 
than  will  the  dents.  In  unfavorable  seasons  the  highest  flints  will 
outyield  the  highest  yielding  dents.  Moreover,  all  but  the  very 
late  varieties  of  flint  corn  will  practically  always  ripen  sufficiently 
to  crib  well  whereas  many  of  the  later  dent  varieties  occasionally 
will  not  ripen  satisfactorily.  Flint  corn  has  less  soft  corn  and 
consequently  has  somewhat  greater  feeding  value.  Also  flint  corn 
seed  will  often  germinate  better  unless  special  precautions  are 
taken  to  store  dent  corn  so  that  it  will  dry  thoroughly  before 
freezing  weather. 


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Upland  situations  usually  escape  the  first  fall  frosts  and  consequently 
can  mature  later  varieties. 

The  large  kernels  and  hard  texture  of  flint  corn  are  objectionable 
for  some  purposes  and  the  larger  number  of  ears  per  plant  and  the 
stronger  shanks  make  the  labor  cost  of  harvesting  flint  corn  greater. 
Flint  corn  produces  more  stalks  from  the  same  amount  of  seed 
and  the  stalks  are  more  slender.  Consequently  ffint  corn  fodder 
is  more  preferred  than  dent,  more  of  it  is  eaten  and  the  refuse 
stalks  are  less  difficult  to  handle  in  the  manure. 

Comparison  of  Yellow  and  White  Corn. 

Investigations  conducted  at  the  Wisconsin  Station  and  elsewhere 
show  that  yellow  corn  has  a  slightly  greater  feeding  value  than 
white  corn,  due  to  a  higher  vitamine  content.  This  is  shown  most 
clearly  by  pigs  which  do  not  have  access  to  green  pasture.  Cattle 
and  horses  fed  clover,  alfaKa  hay  or  silage  show  no  difference  in 


408  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION  BULLETIN   259. 

the  feeding  value  of  yellow  or  white  corn.  These  experiments  have 
been  conducted  with  western  dent  corn.  It  is  not  established 
that  white  flint  corn  is  less  valuable  than  yellow  flint  corn  for 
feeding  purposes.  Since  both  colors  in  flint  corn  are  about  equally 
common  there  seems  to  be  no  popular  prejudice  against  white  flint 
corn.  In  contrast  to  this  very  few  purely  white  varieties  of  dent 
corn  are  grown  in  New  England.  In  productiveness  yellow  and 
white  corn  are  equal.  At  Mt.  Carmel  58  yellow  dent  varieties 
averaged  105.9  and  six  white  dent  varieties  average  106.8  per  cent, 
relative  yield.     Forty-seven  yellow  flints  altogether  gave  a  yield 


Figure  30. 
In  the  valleys  corn  must  mature  before  the  first  fall  frosts. 

of  91.4  and  15  white  flints  91.8  per  cent.    These  differences  are  too 
small  to  be  significant. 

Recommended  Varieties. 

Varieties  which  yield  well  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  will 
not  ripen  in  the  more  northern  parts  at  higher  altitudes.  On  the 
other  hand  early  varieties  which  ripen  in  the  short  season  localities 
do  not  yield  as  well  as  later  varieties  where  the  season  is  longer. 
Also  varieties  differ  in  their  adaptability  to  different  soils  and  crop 
rotations.  An  attempt  has  been  made  in  the  accompanying  map 
to  divide  the  state  arbitrarily  into  five  districts  and  to  compile  a 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT 


409 


list  of  varieties  which  will  most  likely  do  well  in  their  respective 
districts.  The  districts  are  numbered  in  order  of  the  length  of 
growing  season,  nmiiber  one  in  general  requiring  the  earliest 
maturing  varieties  and  five  the  latest.  Since  the  varieties  were 
tested  in  only  two  of  these  districts  their  behavior  in  the  other 
districts  cannot  be  stated  except  as  they  have  already  been  grown 
there.  Moreover  corn  which  is  taken  from  one  district  and  tested 
in  another  may  not  show  its  value  for  its  own  district.  But  since 
there  are  a  number  of  varieties  from  other  districts  that  yielded 
well  in  both  districts  I  and  V  it  is  thought  that  they  will  do  well  in 
other  places  where  they  are  not  now  commonly  grown. 

For  these  reasons  it  should  be  clearly  understood  that  the  lists 
of  recommended  varieties  are  suggestive  only.  All  new  varieties 
should  be  carefully  tried  in  the  locality  where  they  are  to  be  grown. 
Many  trials  of  this  kind  have  been  conducted  by  the  Farm  Bureaus 
in  the  various  districts  and  much  information  is  already  available 
as. to  suitable  varieties. 


Figure  31. 

Connecticut  divided  into  five  arbitrary  corn  growing  districts  according 
to  the  length  of  growing  season. 


410  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION  BULLETIN  259. 

The  following  high  yielding  varieties  and  strains  seem  to  be 
well  adapted  for  the  districts  indicated  and  shown  on  the  map.  It 
must  be  borne  in  mind  that  these  sections  cannot  take  into  con- 
sideration all  differences  in  soil,  altitude  and  climate.  The  varieties 
Hsted  for  each  district  cannot  all  be  grown  successfully  in  all  parts 
of  the  district.  Some  of  the  varieties  have  not  been  grown  in  the 
district  for  which  they  are  recommended  so  that  their  adaptation 
to  that  district  is  not  proven.  The  varieties  are  hsted  approxi- 
mately in  order  of  their  earliness. 

District  I. 

GRAIN. 

Flints. 

Rhode  Island  White  Cap R.  I.  Exp.  Station,  Kingston,  R.  I. 

Canada  Yellow  Flint Griswold  &  Sons,  So.  Wethersfield 

Skilton's  Yellow  Flint Julius  Skilton,  Watertown 

Burwell's  Yellow  Flint E.  E.  Burwell,  New  Haven 

Healey's  Yellow  Flint L.  H.  Healey,  Woodstock 

Stickney's  Yellow  Flint L.  J.  Grant,  Wapping 

Zwick's  Yellow  Flint Louis  Zwick,  Plantsville 

Dents. 

Pride  of  the  North Conn.  Agricultural  College,  Storrs 

Sharon  White  Cap : E.  K.  Dean,  Sharon 

Century  Dent S.  M.  Waldron,  New  Milford 

Herr's  White  Cap W.  F.  Herr,  Brooklyn 

Early  Michigan G.  A.  Erskine,  GuiKord 

Learning H.  Hamilton,  Ellington 

Vinehill  Learning Vinehill  Farm,  Elm  wood 

Peck's  Yellow  Dent W.  O.  Peck,  East  Haddam 

SILAGE. 

Lakeside N.  Jones,  South  Windsor 

Learning H.  Beardsley,  Roxbury 

Early  Michigan G.  A.  Erskine,  Guilford 

Northern  White  Dent B.  W.  Bishop,  GuiKord 

District  II. 

GRAIN. 

Flints. 

Frost's  Yellow  Flint Charles  Frost,  Sherman 

Burwell's  Yellow  FHnt E.  E.  Burwell,  New  Haven 

Skilton's  Yellow  Flint Julius  Skilton,  Watertown 

Yellow  Dutton C.  H.  Bissell,  Lakeville 

Gold  Nugget Mary  Bacon,  Kent 

Sanford  White  Flint Jesse  St.  John,  Kent 

Gelston's  Longfellow N.  G.  Gelston,  Sherman 

Mosher's  Longfellow N.  R.  Mosher,  Sherman 

Dents. 

Sharon  White  Cap E.  K.  Dean,  Sharon 

Century  Dent S.  M.  Waldron,  New  Milford 

Webber's  Dent WiUis  Frost,   Bridgewater 

Beardsley's  Leaming H.  Beardsley,  Roxbury 

SILAGE. 

Same  as  District  I. 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT  411 

District  III 

GRAIN. 

Flints. 

King  Philip W.  E.  Price,  Warehouse  Point 

Hill's  Eed  Flint S.  F.  Brown,  Windsor 

McLean's  Flint J.  B.   McLean,   Simsbury 

Stickney's  Yellow  Flint L.  J.  Grant,  Wapping 

Healey's  Yellow  Flint L.  H.  Healey,  Woodstock 

Dents. 

Easting's  Yellow  Dent W.  S.  Hastings,  Somers 

Early  Lakeside N.  Jones,  So.  Windsor 

Pride  of  the  North Storrs  Agricultural  Experiment  Station 

Century  Dent S.  M.  Waldron,  New  Milford 

Learning H.  Hamilton,  Ellington 

Herr's  White  Cap W.  F,  Herr,  Brooklyn 

SILAGE. 

Same  as  District  I. 


District  IV. 

GRAIN. 

Flints. 

Skilton's  Yellow  Flint Julius  Skilton,  Watertown 

Zwick's  Yellow  Flint Louis  Zwick,  Plantsville 

Burwell's  Yellow  Flint E.  E.  Burwell,  New  Haven 

Frost's  Yellow  Flint Charles  Frost,  Sherman 

Longfellow R.  Keeler,  Bridgewater 

Longfellow P.  J.  Behan,  Roxbury 

Sanford  White  Flint Jesse  St.  John,  Kent 

Gold  Nugget Mary  Bacon,  Kent 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agricultm-e  No.  193.  . .  .Bureau  Plant  Industry,  Washington,  D.  C  . 

Dents. 

Centm-y  Dent S.  M.  Waldron,  New  Milford 

Early  Lakeside N.  Jones,  So.  Windsor 

Beardsley's  Leaming H.  Beardsley,  Roxbury 

Webber's  Dent Willis  Frost,  Bridgewater 

Cornell  No.  11 College  of  Agriculture,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

Brewer's  Dent N.  H.  Brewer,  Hockanum 

Vinehill  Leaming Vinehill  Farm,  Elmwood 

Hazenhurst  White  Cap .  E.  Hazen,  Haddam 

Early  Michigan G.  A.  Erskine,  Guilford 

Leaming W.  A.  Lanterman,  Fairfield 

Herr's  White  Cap W.  F.  Herr,  Brooklyn 

SILAGE. 

Beardsley's  Learning H.  Beardsley,  Roxbury 

Hazenhurst  White  Cap E.  Hazen,  Haddam 

Brewer's  Dent N.  H.  Brewer,  Hockanum 

Webber's  Dent Willis  Frost,  Bridgewater 

Northern  White  Dent B.  W.  Bishop,  Guilford 

Luce's  Favorite Suffolk  Co-op.  Assoc,  Mattituck,  L.  I. 

Leaming F.  S.  Prince,  Xenia,  Ohio 

Funk's  90  Day Funk  Bros.  Seed  Co.,  Bloomington,  111. 


412  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION  BULLETIN   259. 

District  V. 

GRAIN. 

Flints. 

Burwell's  Yellow  Flint E.  E.  Burwell,  New  Haven 

Longfellow R.  Keeler,  Bridgewater 

Longfellow P.  J.  Behan,  Roxbury 

Sanford  "White  Flint Jesse  St.  John,  Kent 

Frost's  Yellow  Flint Charles  Frost,  Sherman 

Gold  Nugget Mary  Bacon,  Kent 

Gold  Nugget A.  L.  Purdy,  Port  Chester,  N.  Y. 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  No.  193.  .Bureau  Plant  Industry,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Dents. 

Century S.  M.  Waldron,  New  Milford 

Lakeside  Dent. N.  Jones,  So.  Windsor 

Beardsley's  Learning H.  Beardsley,  Roxbury 

Webber's  Dent Willis  Frost,   Bridgewater 

Early  Michigan G.  A.  Erskine,  Guilford 

Herr's  White  Cap W.  F.  Herr,  Brooklyn 

Brewer's  Dent N.  H.  Brewer,  Hockanum 

Lanterman's  Learning W.  A.  Lanterman,  Fairfield 

Northern  White  Dent B.  W.  Bishop,  Guilford 

Luce's  Favorite Suffolk  Co-op.  Assoc,  Mattituck,  L.  I. 

Sutton's  Dent R.  C.  Wilcox  Sons,  Guilford 

Vinehill  Learning Vinehill  Farm,  Elmwood 

SILAGE. 

Northern  White  Dent B.  W.  Bishop,  Guilford 

Leaming S.  F.  Prince,  Xenia,  Ohio 

Funk's  90  Day Funk  Bros.  Seed  Co.,  Bloomington,  111. 

Early  Mastodon E.  G.  Packard,  Dover,  Del. 

Eureka Ross  Bros.  Seed  Co.,  Worcester,  Mass. 

Changing  Seed. 

Some  of  the  high  yielding  varieties  as  shown  in  these  tests,  are 
now  no  longer  grown  by  the  farmers  from  whom  they  were  secured. 
In  a  few  cases  these  varieties  cannot  be  located  anywhere  and  it  is 
probable  that  they  have  been  lost.  From  this  it  is  seen  that  the 
practice  of  changing  seed  is  quite  common  in  Connecticut.  These 
tests  show  clearly  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  secure  new  varieties 
from  another  part  of  the  state  or  from  without  to  maintain  liigh 
yields.  Many  of  the  very  best  varieties  have  been  grown  con- 
tinuously on  the  same  farm  for  as  long  as  there  is  any  record  and 
there  is  no  reason  why  they  should  not  go  on  giving  satisfaction. 

The  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  varieties  and  strains  of 
corn  grown  in  Connecticut  is  in  marked  contrast  to  the  central 
corn  growing  districts  where  a  single  variety  is  grown  almost 
exclusively  over  wide  areas.  New  varieties  should  not  replace 
well  established  varieties  until  their  superiority  has  been  demon- 
strated on  the  farm  where  the  corn  is  to  be  grown. 


corn  in  connecticut  413 

Summary. 

Nearly  150  different  varieties  and  strains  of  flint  and  dent  corn 
have  been  grown  at  Mt.  Carmel  and  at  Storrs  to  compare  their 
yield  of  grain  and  time  of  ripening.  These  varieties  are  described 
and  a  history  of  their  origin  is  given  as  far  as  known. 

Certain  varieties  have  yielded  among  the  highest  at  both  places. 
These  are  listed  on  pages  401,  402  and  404. 

Dent  varieties  on  the  average  require  a  longer  growing  season 
than  flints  and  yield  more  grain  and  stover. 

When  dent  and  flint  varieties  maturing  in  the  same  length  of 
time  are  compared  the  dents  on  the  average  yield  7.9  per  cent, 
more  at  Storrs  and  10.5  per  cent,  more  at  Mt.  Carmel  than  the 
flints  showing  that  they  are  somewhat  more  efficient  as  producers 
of  grain,  but  the  dents  do  not  always  ripen  as  satisfactorily  as  the 
flints. 

In  some  seasons  the  highest  yielding  flint  varieties  surpass  the 
highest  yielding  dent  varieties  at  both  places  tested. 

There  is  no  difference  in  the  yield  of  yellow  and  white  dent 
varieties  or. of  flint  varieties. 

The  state  is  divided  into  five  districts,  and  dent,  flint  and  silage 
varieties  recommended  for  trial  in  each  district  are  listed  on 
pages  409  to  411. 

Reference  to  Literature  Cited. 

1.  Carrier,  Lyman.     A  Reason  for  the  contradictory  results  in  corn  experi- 

ments.    Jour.  American  Soc.  of  Agronomy,  1919,  vol.  11,  pp.  106-113. 

2.  Hayden,  C.  C.  &  Perkins,  A.  E.     Field  corn  and  silage  corn  for  silage. 

Ohio  Agric.  Exp.  Station  Bull.  369,  1923. 

3.  Kiesselbach,  T.  A.    Experimental  error  in  field  trials.    Jour.  Amer.  Soc.  of 

Agronomy,  1919,  vol  11,  pp.  235-247.  Corn  investigations,  Nebraska 
Agric.  Exp.  Station  Research  Bull.  20,  1922. 

4.  Mooers,  C.  A.    Vai'ieties  of  corn  and  their  adaptability  to  different  soils. 

Tennessee  Agric.  Exp.  Station  Bull.  126,  1922. 

5.  Slate,  W.  L.,  Brown,  B.  A.,  White,  G.  C,  and  Chapman,  L.  M.    A  com- 

parison of  early,  medium  and  late  maturing  varieties  of  silage  corn  for 
milk  production.  Jour,  of  Dairy  Science,  1922,  vol.  4,  pp.  333-347  and 
1923,  vol.  6,  pp.  382-392,  and  Storrs  Agr.  Exp  Station,  Bui.  121,  1924. 

6.  Steenbock,  H.  and  Bantwell,  P.  W.    Fat-soluble  vitamine  III.    The  com- 

parative nutritive  value  of  white  and  vellow  maizes.  Jour.  Biol.  Chemis- 
try, 1920,  vol.  41,.  pp.  81-96. 


414 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION 


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OJ   <D    dJ   d    O 

OHOMh:i 


d.a 


d  M 


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be  bC  bC  bC  S   |3 
(-1    rt    r^    rt    "r!    r! 


S»  L*^  .d  - 


."^  fl 


•.a  ©  <p  <i>  05 

a^j  -tj  -tj  ~u 
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;£^^^^ 

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.   eg   03   c3    TO   c3 

i  1c  "^  "m    CO    02 


d  d 


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c3    C3 


tj  ts  '■o 

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o  o  o  o  o  o  o 


d^ 


d  d  iS  s  ^ 


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mm 


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416 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION. 


BULLETIN    259. 


(:0>01>OtOa5(rOO(MO(MlOi-Oi-OiOO(NO'*(rO(MOCDO-*l^I>i 


■S.v^n%vi;i 


■jo[oo 


•pa^sa:^  sjb8j?  'o^ 


•paes  JO  saoinog 


COJ>COCiO-*OOCOC/DO'-CCC<l'-<OOCOC".  t^lM^C■ 


0  ^  T-<  ro  CO  o  o 


a  a    a  a  a  §  J;§;§ 


§JJs§^s; 


CD 

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^-2-2-2-2-2-2-2r2."S 

Yellow 
Yellow 
Yellow 

1 

'o'o 

"o 'o 'S  "o 'o 'o  o 

1 

Yellow 
Yellow 
Yellow 

■*t^T-it^--HTi<co(ro(MTiH,-icOT-i 

«D  C^^  Oa  CO  iM  CO 

■-H  CO  CO  CO '^  cc 

T— 1 

--Ht^C^I 

3  S3 
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P^J 


£  a; 

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03      Or^" 

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m 


B  g  o 
>  f3  s 

<i-2  s  a 

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o 

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maiWoQQPPH 


CC^  I— K 
CO    H 


2  15^    - 

h^  a  ^  ^ 

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a 


2  Pi  5S  , 

O  o  c3  r 

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o  ^ 


o3.3 


W 


^OQ    03'^'^ 
■  03    Q3l>-X       - 

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03    tj  -|J 

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i-:iWi-:i 


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03    03 


Pi 
S    03 

_^K  CO  >5'^"-!3 

in    t^    fc<    CO    03 
03    03    -3  %,    03 

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mmouu 


^^ 


Pi   03 

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Org  a  PJ>^-^^5. 

W    03    03  '^    r/1  =:  k 


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CD   O 


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r^    S    c3    c3 
o3    c3    03   03 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 


417 


i-HrtH>l>CO-^-^00»OO5'-i'-H^  t^.-*  C50-*OifOa)OC»f000001>t>C<lT-IOOa5iOO-^T-<(;DC<lC<IO 


(N■^Oi>CD'-^■^OC»C^COCOt^TH(^^0(^OOt^Jt^J>OOC^OO(^^^0(J5(>000(^005COC^^Ot^O^T--lOOO^O 


a; 


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a^  §  n 


Qi   Q^   -   ^    w   ^ 

■'  ■"'  a  a  a  a 
a. 2. a. a 


a  a 


s  s  =« 


s  a 


^^^S'^m^^ 


'^  0  a>  0  o  q;  03  oj  "oS  cri 'a3  a:) '3 'oj  rr*  r? '^ 'os 'a; 'a3  "q3 'oS '^ 'q3  i"! '^  "0 '^ '^  "aS 'a3  c^ '^ '^ 'oj 'o^ 


TtlfOC<l>-Hi— |-Tt<T-(i— ('^^CO'— I^COi— IOC^CDt— It— ii 


lcol^oc^^(^^col:Dtoco(^^r-^(^^l— iiM 


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g  fl  q  ;3  fl  fl. 


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418 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION. 


BULLETIN   259. 


fOiOOSi— IOlTt<GOOOi-lCv:iC50i(MCOO'#C500C5-*l:^i-Q 


•8J0B  J9(J  sno'}. 


•ja^^Bin  /lip  "iueo  jaj 


•jC^Un^'BJAJ 


•JOIOQ 


•pagsa^  sjBa^C  •oi.j 


•p99S  JO  9ojnog 


CDT-l-<i1CDe0(MOOO00(N0:i00CC>I>C0(r0Tj<'^iOl>iOi0i:0 


OiOOi— l-^Oi'— lOOCl-*-*!— ii:D1>.tJ<I>1>(MCOt1HiOCOCOOlO 


TtlCiCOCOCO(M-*'4<COCOl0001>C»lOOOCOi-H(Ma5C^CO>-<0 


s  a  a 

3 


as  a  a  a 

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aa    a 


2     .a. 3. a  t^.s-^   .a.a.a.a.a   .a. a  >..3  >.  '^  >. 

f1^  -+^  +^    fii    ni    (1-)    H    (11    ?H  -+^    ni    ni    dl    fiT    m  -+^    nl    nl    H    nl    ^  -+^    fn    H 


a:>  "t^  "tS  oj  o  o 


gi-:it-:i 


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§^ 


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w    fT    <J 

73    <B    ;3 


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„-w 


o 
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ga 
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!^  1^  S  1^  n 
n  o  at?'  R 

i^i-j  •  •  • 


|.a  g 
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6'^  a> 


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'Ail 


c3   (V) 


tZ2 


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O  §^^     .^     .  a.     .     .     .     .     .^       ^ 


o3' 


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a"«  r; 

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S  d  H; 


Q^ 
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3  6  g  +^  y 
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03  fc<  !-i  a>  o 

pQpqmoo 


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do 


■^     CO     g    >.     ^H 
^  -^  _g    CD    03 


a  c'Z'S  >>3  fi  fl  c  c  c  PI  P! 

^"^_s  s  s^  S'^  °^"5'e"3'a'a'3'a 
^s-^-g-s-s-dgflsaaaaaaa 

0:^13000  o^i-H  osoojoipooq^ 


COKN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 


419 


(^o-^d^■i^■.^'Ti^foco•*co^O'*co^(^:l'*|^:l-*cocoTt^^co 

051>.f0<:01>C0'-<t^Oi0CDC01>C0OC<JO'-li0C<)l>rJ< 
Tt<0'-H'*r-i-^l>.,-lcD-*(NiOa5'^l>(Nl><M<©cDTiHO 

a    aaa   Ha      s|    a  a 

^3  '7-'  T3  TS  T3  '7-'    f*^  f*>"C    15  '7-'  TU   P^'T"'  ^T^    fl^   <B'-r"^'T^'T^ 


(Mi-iC0-*'-i(N<MiniM»O'-iT-i'-i(MC5(MC0C<I'-i'O-*(M 


w 


fe  (U  g 


io 


a?, 


PhMO 


^      Pi 


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03 
S     ■     ■     .  h'R 

^  «  j£;   ^  S  o 
03^3  o  bmO 

O   O   cc  -^S  T3 
o3  -(^  •  -    13   O   03 


o  2  3 
p!-EO' 

■  .,  o 


'  o  •. 
1  +=   03 


i^^y 


^    03 


Mo.. 


03  S  2.23^ 

^'^  2      _• 

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o>-;^dd 


■r-^  1—3  -|J 

bC;2pq   o   O   02^  bo 

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-g  m  03 '-^  o 


mmiTiw. 


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420 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION. 


BULLETIN   259. 


OOrHioCR        05000IM        t^-^'^O        0:)C0(r0'-<'-<(X)OiM00iM'Xil>l>-^t-'-iO 

i-H  rH  1—1  rHi— I.— I  COi— lO-*C^  i— I  i— I  CO  C^C^l'— 'C<J 


•^01>COC^OO(M01^(M'-H>(M^COOCO 

•  ooooocjioaioO'— i05005C50iO 


•  ^  ^  t^  O  t^  cc  t^ 

•  o  C5  c;  o  C5  c-  C5 


■^uao  jad 


•ajoB    jad    jaqsnq 
ureiS  JO   ppix 


•:jnao  jad  aaAO^s 
p       ppi'^       BAiiBjay; 


1— ioc^^T-ij:^ooc<irHtoooiccoOir)coocio'*cDC<io'c<i-^'-HOcocofo^-:}< 
'Oco-^cogoto>oo>ocoto^ii^<g-'t''^'^totO'o^too':itoco>otcto-^'^toto 

'01>(X)0001>005CO-*CiOcD(MCOiOiOC3^'-irHCOJxM001>0(MOOXCC;0 


•ajOB  jad  spunod 
jaAO^s  JO  pjai;^ 


i;OiO-^C2a5C^O-*l>COiOOOt^iO(M'-iCOCOCD-^^>OT-HCOG'jtOC:cD'--00 
ai-*(MiOi— (COOOOOOOCCOC2C<liOi— lOt^OOiOiOOOOLOCOt^COOO^CirO^ 
OCOiOO'-HCDt^»CrH01>rH02J>005'-iO'-<<MOiC201>iOO'*'*I>'-<XO 


COCOx^iOOgDCO-^iOCOC^l-^OtiCDCOCO  C<l  ■*  lO  lO  lO  lO  f01-^■^C0C^^C■^:fCC■^-^-^^ 


aa 


p  p  ^  a 


■A%un%viST 


as  aaaaa         a 

•r^      '^^^^   ^      ■^    *^'^-^   ^i^      '^    ^    *^    ^    ri       ^    ^    '^J-^  ^iCi   ^-W   IS^  JpW       ^    '^    ^'^-^      '^-^.^       f^-^    IZ^    'r^    '^ 


•jopo 


OO-u-t^OOOOOOOOOO-i^OOOOOOOOOOOO 


^  ^ 


•pa^saj  sj'Baj^  -o}^ 


C<ic^MrHrHC<i05coooc<)-*rOi-H'*c^'*cO'*i>-coc^cO'— i^^coccoocciC'*^ 


•paas  JO  aojnog 


s^ 


>s 


^•73 


a^ 


S  H  5^  -t^ 


51* 

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a  ^ 


:^ 

O  S  O! 
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Pi  -^^ 


=a 


3§' 


M 


q:) 


O    pjci— I 


a  ^ 


3  -4^>w'^(_; 


'm 


O*^    CO 
o3      .  ^ 


ajn5^ 


Cd      r^      L_, 

h  ^  •  a 


.a-s 


CO    O    o      - 

3  ^-^5  fl 


Mm  J 


I|om 


=^    CO^    OHH 
03    a  m 


^  "gj  ^-5  H  <1  ^^ 


o 


•Ac^^u■BA 


a  -^^  ■+^ 


fiH 


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^  5r!  Jn  f^ 
Sac  P  P'  t^ 


a^ 


rT     O 


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o  PI .5  o^^ 
'q3  S  f^  'oj  "S 'oJ 

>H  "^  _^M  >H  >^  >H 
CO  "^  ^3  o3  o3  o5 
_Q    fe   p   o3   o3    o3 

"o  £  fH  Pi  PI  PI 
a;   t<   :3   03   o3   03 

pqfQpQOOO 


1^ 


3faT3  .  .^ 
1^^.a|l 


CO  "S 

o    Pi 
^  P! 


o   Ft 


-i2  ^  "d  -^ 


•a  a 

P"S"S   o3   g   K. 

2S2.25^gbo3^g-j3cc(3 

OOOCo3e3o3o35-PloOOO 

OOOOMWMK;S«^Hq^H:i 


CORN    IN    CONNECTICUT. 


421 


OS  1>  O  00  O;  i-H  CO        OiMCDO        O  1>  iM  CO  CI  O  ^  O  "-H  O  CO  O  CO  J>  00  T-H  CD  1>  O^  00  C<1  O  (M        t^OCOOOt^ 
T-IOO»01>'-iOOCO        ^COCKiC^I        00^00C0i-iOC0C^l>'J^02i0C0'Nfi'— lC0C0t^OC0OI>00^        00        (MCOCO 

C^t-(i-HC^t— (CO  1— I  1—1  1—1  1— li— li— I  C<li— It— (T— (i— It— ICOlOi-H 


i]>iOiOCOC^        OOi-iCliO        cOOOClOC0003-^000-*C<lCiiOC^iOC01>I>C<1^00CO 


CO  lo  05  CO  i>  CO  j> 

Ot-iCU>OI>C0 

lO  CO  03  Oi  "O  T-H  0:1 


t^C0-^i-it>C000iO(N(MiOi-H0000CS(Nai^O^l:^-^'OO 
O(Ml:^(Mc0t^C0C0C^C0C0C01XMC000c0»OOOOi-^c0iM 
iMCli-H00I>C0Cl^OC0C01>C0'*iiOl>(MC0^C0Ci0C01>C0 


O  CO  O  '^i  05 
O  02  en  00  T-H 
O  00  (N  LO  Ol 


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BB 


a  a  a 

:3    P   3 


a    a  a 


5:5 1^:5  >>i5      i^i^  >>>^ 


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a    a  a  a  ^  §    I 

^  r*^  K*^  r^  r^  P^  <^  r*^l^    k*^1^  1^  *^    ^  r^  r^  .,  "^  1^    K^'^ 

'  r-' T3 'T-i  t;  "73  T3  ■— T^  T-'  _g  "O 'T3 -7^  T3 


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coi-ii-i»Ot-icoi— ICO      cot-icoi-i      coc^eocoi-i05(MT-i(Mi-n>r-icciTji-<i<i— icocot^coco^^co      coc^o^co 


0;  ilj 


-a      : 

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O  -1^  >   S 
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03 


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03  f:3 


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SOM  -^^   bC     - 
2  -1^    r2    CO 

0302  X  g  S  § 
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35 


03  k> 


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.      .,7-  >    03  f^    H 

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c3 


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03"  bc  S  ;S  +^ 


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1^*^ 


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dh-idfao    Hda^3 


a;3 

03    ^ 


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03    03    Oj    2    a 

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O   O   Oi-Hi— I 


PI   CO 

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C  ?3   S   fl 


g  fe  p^  flH  fiH  Ph  (JH 
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"XJ  tS  'Id  '73 

03    03    03    03 


■73  Tj  73 

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CO     {B     to     03     CO     CO 


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I— 1 1— 1 1— 1 1^ 


>    03    0^    03    M2    p^ 


000000 


:s  -i^  03 

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rJ3     O     O 

p^p^p^ 


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03    03 

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03    03 

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COM 


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a  a"-r3"-r3  53  3   . 

CB  CC  02  CC  fcH  H  P 


o 


1— I  -1^  -I-' '— i 
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C>    ^     ^     CO 

03 ,2,.2  1^ 


422 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION. 


BULLETIN   259. 


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OOCD'-HOOO'— iOO»CC^(MOiOOOOC2C<0''-irOOt>TtiO-#C<)(X)COCOOiOt> 
t^  ^  CO  CO  a^  r-i  y-i  i-IC5rH(M(MC<)  Ot-H         iMt^'^lMO         lOl-Ot^-*-* 


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^l>^^01-l(^^ooocool>^>ccl 


■:;nao  jad  uioo  jb9  ni 
laW'Bni    ^jp    8Ai:j'B|a'a; 


CD  CD  (M  ■*  1— H>  1>  00  CD  t^   •  lO  00  lO  O  ■* -^  I>  ^  lO  I— I  CS  CD  C3  G3  C^  O  1>  1>  CO 

oiooooojcftcsasoococD    •ooooocia3  0oc5oo(X)C5C;ciooc". t^ooo 


•?n90  J8d 
urejg  JO  ppp?  aAt'^'ejay; 


CDl><MCDOO(McOcD<McOOC^COiOOOO'-icDcDOCCiCOr-<(MOC/DCrjCO(NfO 
OOS'-H'— i0lOCB03'-HCD00Oi— i00(M(M'-Ha3O'-^OOO-^aiO^<N'-HC5 


•aioB  J8d  ptfsnq 
urejS  JO  ppLl 


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JO       ppi^       aAp^p-fj 


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jaAO^s  JO  Tppix. 


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C^C0i0C000GiiC^^l>l>OC^O0000'^O(X)(M00OC0iOcDC0»O.-iu'DT^ 
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r^Tt^  lO  ^  CDCC^t^CDOlOOiOiO  (N  1>  CO  lO^^t^t-lcD-^COC^iOt^CO  CD  lo" 


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•<*00'-HI>iO00eOC0iOC<|iMl>'-l(M(M(MCO^COC0CO00C^l>i-lf0CC' 


•paas  JO  aojnog 


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j-j  ^..c'^  ^KK  g  >>33  c  PI  c  s  PI  PI  PI 

03  .rt  f-!  J'3  Q   >^  >^  M  "^   CO  cc'p 'S 'd 'S 'S 'S  "3 

^  -|3  03  t,  J5  ^^  flfloJQ^ScBSSSn 

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CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 


423 


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CO  O  O  lO  i-H  ^  T-H  (N  C^  O  ^  t^  <^  >0  Ol  00  (M  OiCO'*  Cft  C^ -^  O  (M  CO  -*  »0  --f  (M  Ol  t^ -sfl  CO  i-H  "^  CO  lO 
CO  CO  1-H  00  1>  rH  lO  CO  »0  lO  C<1  C5  CM  >0  CO  (N '— I  T— I  (N  Cq  C^      )>.        1— I  C^  J>. '^  I— I      1—1  lO   lO 


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•^OiOOT-HLQcot^t^LraC^t^OCOCOCiCOOOO-^OcD 

•  oooi>c»050ot^C50>c5050050c»o^ooooooaiC5 

1—1                                        T-H    1— 1                                                                 1—1                1—1 

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00 

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1—1                            1—1 

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•i-iOOi-iOCOt^OC^Ot^t^OOt^i-iT-iT-Hi-it^oOiOO 

00 

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OOO'sH 

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c<icoco«:)-Nt<oot^c^i:^T-(co 

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lOCOC01>00COiO>OCO(Mi— iOO-*>OiO»OTtiiOCO'*-*i:01>COCOiO 


cocococoiQcocococoi>^ 


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o 


sa   -g    a^aa    ^^aaaaa    aaa  a 

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o;    03  ,Jp  ,fl  ,^  ri5  rQ  „a  ,^    O 


424 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION. 


BULLETIN    259. 


•q.uao  jad 


•^uao  jad 
ja^l-'Btn  naajS  aAi^'Bja'jj 


•aio'e  jad  suoq. 
laWBUi    uaajS    jBinoy 


?,  =« 

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•aAi^Biaj 


•q.nao  jad 


•j«;iin:j'Bpj 


•JOIOQ 


cococo(rocococococO'*fOcofOC-icoc^'*-*ccc<)cC'*cocori 


ii-^C 


a  a- 


T' ^ 'r' v  9^^ 

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as 


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k^  '^^    ^  K^  K*".  r^  ,, 

r  £  '    '    '    ' 


C3  2 
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P  ^ 


p:  ^ 


OOOOOOOO-i^OOOO 


oooooooooo 


*a-)fl^<i>(DC^Q^<i>flJt 


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O    <B    O)    O) 


O    O    d)    G^    O    0^    O 


y*H  ^  ^ 


•pac^saq.  sj'Ba^  -0]^^ 


^l>O^C<l(Mr-HlMC01>C0»0C0lM-*r-IC<), 


I  iM  (M^^  C^ 


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^^ 

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a  a 

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a    o 


mo^= 

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fl  •  a 
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^ 


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OJ   o3  h 


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f3  P5   & 
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C       tH       n       g      ^H 

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o3 
tc  ^  Pi 


o. 


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bC 


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GbJO        Jh 
p  tc   3 


PI  C  Pl^ 

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do'doSosS.SosS'n 


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CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 


425 


CDiOOOOil>iMl>COCO(MOrHOO(Ml>OOCO      -COCD-^cOOCacDiCiOOO-^COlQiOCPOtNO 

't^,-^.-^0(^^'-H(^^Ti^oco^(X)coo30500»o(^^^c<^^>"5oOlOco^(^o(^^<^^co<x>l>(^^(^llC«D 

cO'*cocococo•^^-HTtlcococ^C<^coC^cocococo■^cococ<^l^^co■*cooococ^coc<^coco^c(^^ 


02tocDc^o■^ccco■*■*(:ocooc^^co(X)lo^^ooococo-*'JO(^^^-H-^coa50t^cccc■*a3co 


(^qr>^lOc^^<-^(^^ocococ^^otlC^c^^c^coG2^>0'-H05co^ocooil^^^>^-^cocO'-l(^^cD^'* 


S  S  S  "§ 


s    s 


a  a 


<a         .  4- 


§J^^3§§; 


!^^S; 


Ci    C;    C3    c3  ^-1  t-^    c3 


131 


■^   ;->   u   ^^ 


^    o3   o3    c3    ce    03    o3l2    c3    ^    o3    c3 


^   P 


^   ^   ^  ^   ^   ^   ^ 

o  o  o  o  o  o  o 


o  o 


^    P    O    CI    ^ 

O  O  -1^  -+^  o 


o  o  o  o  o  -e 


^  ^  ^ 
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O  O  -1-^  o  •+^  o  - 


^C)(DOQ^CO<lJ<l^<D 


(11    n-i    (11    (11  r*"*  r^    di    di    di    m    ni 


oi  oj  O)  ©  Cr  r;  ai 


OJ    O    OJ 


CDC^^-^'-^'*l-^C^l-^C<^■^(^^T-^1-^^-^I-HC<^C0l— ii— ij>.i-hC<Ii— <-^iCC<ll>i— ii— ii—i-i— I' 


02    O 


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426 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION. 


BULLETIN   259. 


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•i^^^jn^'GH 


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•pa^sa^  SJB9J?  -oj^ 


•paas  JO  aomog 


JO  ■*  ■*  1— 1  tH 

CO  lo  CO  CO  CO 

CO 

c4 

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c<i  CO  CO  (m'  CO  '^  c<i  d  <n' 

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CO  ci  >o  (M  1— 1 

d 

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i-iCOOi05CO-*G^odi-i 

(M  O  Cl  O  O 
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1— 1   tH    1— 1    1— 1   T— 1 

O 

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1—1 

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co-^ot^oocnooo-^ 

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•  Ci        10        CO        CO 


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CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 


427 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Here  follow  decriptions  of  all  varieties  and  strains  tested.  All 
are  not  illustrated.  In  all  cases,  the  cut  is  for  the  variety  descrip- 
tion immediately  below  it. 

Flint  Varieties. 


/       2      3       ¥      -5 


m 


Figure  32. 

Variety — Argentine  Flint. 

Source — S.  D.  LaBaxr,  Greenwich.* 

Description— Stalk  medium  in  height  and  size,  with  many  suckers.  Ear 
medium  in  length,  large  at  butt  and  tapering.  Kernels  yellow,  medium  size, 
12-14  rows.  MatjLU-es  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Obtained  seed  in  1914  from  a  farmer  near  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

*A1I  locahties  are  in  Connecticut  unless  otherwise  noted. 


428 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION 


BULLETIN   259. 


Flint  Varieties — Continued. 

Variety — -Avery's  White  Flint. 

Source — B.  T.  Avery,  Ledyard. 

Description — -Stalk  short,  medium  in  diameter  with  many  suckers.  Ear 
long  and  cylindrical.  Kernels  white,  medium  size,  8  rows.  Matures  well  at 
Storrs. 

History — Unknown. 


Figure  33. 

Variety — Averill's  Yellow  Flint. 

Source — -Albert  Averill,   Pomfret  Landing. 

Description — -Stalk  short  and  small,  with  many  suckers.  Ear  medium  in 
length,  small  in  diameter,  small  shank,  slightly  tapering.  Kernels  deep  yel- 
low, 8  rows.     Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — -Seed  obtained  from  Vermont  about  40  years  ago  and  has  been 
grown  on  same  farm  since  then. 


Variety — Barnes  White  Flint. 

Source — F.  A.  Barnes,  Preston  City. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter,  with  many  suckers. 
Ear  long  and  cylindrical.  Kernels  white,  medium  in  size,  8  rows.  Matures 
well  at  Storrs. 

History — -Unknown. 


Variety — Beebe's  Yellow  Flint. 

Source — C.  M.  Beebe,  Uncasville. 

Description — Stalk  mediimi  in  height  and  diameter,  with  many  suckers. 
Ears  medium  in  length,  large  in  diameter.  Kernels  j^ellow,  large,  8  rows. 
Matm-es  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Unknown . 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 
Flint  Varieties — Continued. 


429 


i  \(^  'w  ^c^  ^::  i€  c' 

2|       3:       If'       5,       b;       '^ 


Figure  34. 
Variety — Brewer's  Flint. 
Source — -N.  H.  Brewer,  Hockanum. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height,  with  many  suckers.     Kernels  yel- 
low, 8  rows.    Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 
History — -Unknown. 


iihfifi^^^i^tiiyalJJJJIJilW^^HP^i^^^      J »'' 


Bifmmi^ 


!  i  !  C  i^  C  !G  iC  iC^-l  I 


l'u''?^^l!ii!!i!)i!!i!^ii?iiii- 


Figure  35. 

Variety — -Burwell's  Flint. 

Source — E.  E.  Burwell,  New  Haven. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter,  with  many  suckers. 
Ear  medium  in  length  and  diameter.  Kernels  yellow,  medium  size,  8  rows. 
Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — A  selection  of  Canada  Yellow  Flint.  Grown  25  years  by  Mr. 
Burwell. 


430  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION 

Flint  Varieties — Continued. 


BULLETIN   259. 


..mm 

1     1 
i     ! 

3    •i    s    d    7\    a 

Figure  36. 

Variety — Canada  Yellow  Flint. 

Source — ^Thomas  Griswold  and  Sons,  South  Wethersfield. 

Desmpiion— Stalk  medium  in  height,  large  in  diameter,  with  few  suckers. 
Ear  medium  in  length,  cyUndrical.  Kernels  yeUow,  medium  size,  8  rows. 
Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Grown  for  at  least  12  years. 


■,.".; 

<    •,', H-'f  r'"*: 

^^^^^^Mmi^^mm^^^ 

.    .        J    i    1    1    1 
/       3      3i       ¥ 

i  Mill! 

^Mtiw^itii^                    "M 

■"^^inwwmx'R^^^vmmmmKm-^  ■         •   ■-  ■ 

Figure  37. 

Variety — Canada  Yellow  FUnt. 

Source — Jason  Lathrop,  Plainfield. 

Description — Stalk  short,  medium  in  size  and  number 
medium  in  length  and  diameter,  cyUndrical,  small  shank, 
medium  size,  8  rows.    Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Grovm  for  50  years  on  same  farm. 


of  suckers.     Ear 
Kernels  yellow, 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 


431 


Flint  Varieties — Continued. 


/:       2      3       ¥     '■  J       6      T 


»»iMj|iMiiMHiMHWiiii»IWiill*tBiH 


Figure  38. 

Variety — Chace's  Yellow  Flint. 

Source — M.  W.  Chace,  Pomfret  Landing. 

Description — Stalk  short,  medium  in  diameter,  with  many  suckers.  Ear 
medium  in  length,  large,  cylindrical.  Kernels  yellow,  medium  size,  8  rows. 
Matxires  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Brought  into  vicinity  of  Pomfret  from  Rhode  Island  in  1841. 
Originally  called  "Hawkins  Corn." 


Variety — Connecticut  Yellow  Flint. 

Source — 0.  S.  Olmsted,  Hazardville. 

Description — Stalk  short  and  small,  with  many  suckers.  Ear  medium  in 
length  and  diameter,  well  capped.  Kernels  yellow,  large  and  close  together, 
8  rows.    Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — ^Seed  from  Canada  60  years  ago.  Mr.  Olmsted  has  crossed  it  twice 
with  other  yellow  flints  since  then.    Seed  selected  carefully. 


Variety — Canada  Yellow  FUnt. 

Source — L.  S.  Abbe,  Hazardville. 

Description — Stalk  short  and  small,  suckers  medium  in  number.  Ear  short, 
medium  in  diameter,  tapering.  Kernels  yellow,  medium  size,  8  rows.  Matures 
very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Grown  for  50  years  on  same  farm  without  change. 


432  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION  BULLETIN   259. 

Flint  Varieties — Continued. 


3       ^      S       G       7       8       ^,     fO 


'if'f  V  ffti^'ryf^f^' 


Figure  39. 

Variety — Crowell's  Prolific. 

Source — David   Crowell,    Middletown. 

Description — -Stalk  tall  and  large.  Ear  long,  cylindrical.  Kernels  yellow, 
8  rows.    Matures  fairty  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Grown  for  100  years  on  the  same  farm,  originally  brought  from 
Massachusetts. 


Variety — Double  Capped  White  Flint. 

Source — W.  A.  Thrall,  Windsor. 

Description — Stalk  very  short  and  very  small,  with  many  suckers.  Ear 
very  short  and  very  small,  cylindrical,  veiy  well  capped  at  tip  and  butt, 
shank  very  small.  Kernels  white,  of  medium  depth  and  size,  8  rows.  Ma- 
tures very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — -Unknown. 

Variety — Fairview  Flint. 
Source — Harrison  Hamilton,  Ellington. 

Description — -Stalk  short  and  small,  with  few  suckers.     Ear  medium  in 
length  and  size.    Kernels  yellow,  8  rows.    Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 
History — Unknown, 


Variety— Fenn's  12  Row. 

Source — R.  M.  Fenn,  Middlebury. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height,  small  in  diameter,  with  few  suckers. 
Ear  medium  in  length,  large  in  diameter.  Kernels  dark  j-ellow,  medium 
depth,  small,  12  rows.     Matures  at  Storrs. 

History — ^A  selection  from  Basham's  Longfellow, 


CORN    IN    CONNECTICUT. 


433 


Flint  Varieties — Continued. 


Figure  40. 

Variety — Davis  Yellow  Flint. 

Source — -P.  E.  Davis,  Granby,  Mass. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter,  with  few  suckers.  Ear 
medium  in  length.    Kernels  yellow,  8  rows.    Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Originated  from  a  cross  of  a  flint  of  the  Longfellow  type  with  a 
small  cob,  amber  colored  variety.  Has  existed  as  a  distinct  variety  about 
38  years. 

Variety — -Frost's  Yellow  Flint. 

Source — Charles  Frost,  Sherman. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter,  with  few  suckers. 
Ear  medium  in  length,  small  in  diameter.  Kernels  variable  in  color,  largely 
yellow,  medium  depth  and  size.    Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History— Said  to  have  originated  as  a  cross  of  different  varieties.  Obtained 
from  W.  H.  Taber  of  Quaker  Hill,  Pawling,  New  York  over  40  years  ago. 


434  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION  BULLETIN   259. 


Flint  Vaeieties — Continued. 


■^^^^fiyf^Sf^^V^^^^' 


1\ 


i      I      ^      1      ^      1      I      i      '      i      I      i      !       M      I      I 

M     ;     1     I     I    !     I     i     i     !     1    1     !  J     I 

%    s.    4,    s     6    r     a     ^    io 


Figure  41. 

Variety — Gold  Nugget. 

Source — Mary  Bacon,  Kent. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height,  large,  with  very  few  suckers.  Ear 
medium  in  length,  very  large  in  diameter,  rather  coarse.  Kernels  hght  yel- 
low, medium  depth,  very  large,  8  rows.     Matm-es  fairly  well  at  Storrs. 

History — ^Hall's  Golden  Nugget  from  Joseph  Harris  Seed  Co.,  Coldwater, 
New  York,  grown  about  fourteen  years  in  Kent.  Originated  by  Levi  P.  Hall 
about  1873. 

Variety — Gold  Nugget. 

Source — A.  L.  Purdy,  Port  Chester,  N.  Y. 

Description — See  Bacon's  Gold  Nugget. 


Variety — Gold  Nugget. 

Source — J.  B.  Stratton,  Watertown. 

Description — See  Bacon's  Gold  Nugget.     Seed  from  same  source. 


Variety — Hathaway's  Yellow  Flint. 
Source — Aubiu'n,  Maine.      • 

Description — Stalk  short  and  small,  with  few  suckers.     Kernels  yellow,  8 
rows.     Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 
History — Unknown. 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 
Flint  Varieties — Continued. 


435 


•■m\^^^^^^^^^^i'^^'" 


/!■    2     3,      ¥.,      J\      G^ 


Figure  42. 

Variety — Griswold's  90  Day. 

Source — •Thomas  Griswold  and  Sons,  Wethersfield. 

Description — Stalk  short  and  small,  with  few  suckers.  Ear  short  and  small, 
cyUndrical,  well  capped,  small  shank.  Kernels  yellow,  8  rows.  Matures  very 
well  at  Storrs. 

History — 'Known  to  have  been  grown  in  the  vicinity  for  at  least  12  years. 


Figure  43. 

Variety — ^Hauschild's  Yellow  FHnt. 

Source — Julius  Hauschild,  Storrs. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter,  with  many  suckers. 
Ear  medium  in  length.  Kernels  variable  in  color,  mostly  yellow,  8  rows. 
Matiu-es  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Has  been  mixed  with  other  strains  of  different  color. 


436  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION 

Flint  Varieties — Continued. 

Variety — Hayes'  Canada  Flint. 
Source — M.  C.  Hayes,  Granby. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  height  with  many  suckers, 
rows.    Matures  at  Storrs. 
History — Unknown . 


BULLETIN   259. 


Kernels  j^ellow,  8 


Variety — Healey's  Yellow  Flint. 

Source — -L.  H.  Healey,  Woodstock. 

Description — Stalk  short  and  small,  with  few  suckers.  Ear  medium  in 
length  and  diameter.  Kernels  yellow,  medium  depth  and  size,  8  rows.  Matures 
very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — The  result  of  a  cross  between  Sheffield  flint  from  Massachusetts 
and  Early  Canada  from  New  Hampshire.     Grown  for  ten  years. 


Variety — -Isben's  Yellow  Flint. 

Source — J.  C.  Isben,  North  Haven. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter  with  few  suckers.  Ear 
medium  in  length,  large  in  diameter.  Kernels  yellow,  medium  depth  and  size, 
8  rows.     Matures  fairly  well  at  Storrs. 

History — -Seed  obtained  from  F.  S.  Piatt  Seed  Co.  about  14  years  ago. 


0i»^*^f^^ii^^^^smm^mi0'mmm» 


3 


Ji,     G, 


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Figure  44. 

Variety — King  Philip. 

Source — -W.  E.  Price,  Warehouse  Point. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter  with  few  suckers.  Ear 
rather  short,  medium  diameter,  cylindrical,  well  capped.  Kernels  red,  of 
medium  depth  and  size,  8  rows.     Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Brought  from  Rhode  Island  about  35  years  ago. 


CORN    IN    CONNECTICUT.  437 

Flint  Yahieties— Continued. 

Variety — -Longfellow. 

Source — 'John  Basham,  Middlebury. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter  and  number  of  suckers. 
Ear  long  and  small  in  diameter.  Kernels  dark  yellow,  medium  depth  and 
size,  8  rows.    Matures  at  Storrs. 

History — ^Unknown . 


Variety — Longfellow. 

Source— P.  J.  Behan,  Roxbury. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter,  with  few  suckers.  Ear 
long,  small  in  diameter.  Kernels  yellow,  shallow,  medium  size,  8  rows. 
Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Mr.  Behan  selects  his  seed  from  stalks  with  two  ears. 


Figure  45. 

Variety — -Longfellow. 

Source — 'N.  G.  Gelston,  Sherman. 

Description — -Stalk  of  medium  height,  rather  small  in  diameter,  with  few 
suckers.  Ear  long,  small  in  diameter.  Kernels  yellow,  shallow,  medium  size, 
8  rows.     Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — -Mr.  Gelston  has  grown  this  strain  for  10-15  years.  Uncertain  as 
to  source.     Selects  his  seed  at  husking. 


Variety — Longfellow. 

Source — F.  S.  Piatt  Seed  Co.,  New  Haven. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height.    Ear  long.    Kernels  yellow,  S  rows. 
Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Seed  grown  in  Connecticut. 


438  CONNECTICUT   EXPEEIMENT   STATION 

Flint  Varieties— Coniinwed. 


BULLETIN   259. 


tmmmtmmmwr^,^;^ 


^■L.^AL__.^  31 


Figure  46. 

Variety — Longfellow . 

Source — Reuben  Keeler,  Bridgewater. 

Description — Stalk  mediuna  in  height  and  diameter  with  few  suckers.  Ear 
long,  small  in  diameter.  Kernels  dark  yellow,  shallow,  medium  size,  8  rows. 
Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Is  mixed  with  Pied  Flint,  a  variety  of  similar  type. 


i            ■     1      i           i           1    ;1      '      1 

/       ^      3      4      A      6, 

7       8       "I 

\ 
i0\ 

^^m^smsmmm^mmmw:'W^ik^-^^^ 

T                                                        '   .  •  ■         i^  <  .  ■  - 

Figure  47. 

Variety — Longfellow. 
Source — N.  R.  Mosher,  Sherman. 
Description — See  Keeler's  Longfellow. 
History — Unkno'RTi. 


CORN  IN    CONNECTICUT. 


439 


Flint  Varieties — Continued. 


Variety — ^Longfellow. 
Source — C.  H.  Savage,  Storrs. 
Description — Stalk  medium  in  height. 
well  at  Storrs. 

History — 'Unknown. 


Kernels  yellow,  8  rows.     Matures 


Variety — Mammoth  White  FUnt. 
Source — O.  S.  Olmsted,  Hazardville. 

_  Description — Stalk  tall  and  large,  with  few  suckers.    Ear  long  and  large  in 
diameter.    Kernels  white,  8  rows.    Matures  at  Storrs. 
History — Unknown. 


*^.^.^^ ' 

'  /'       2      3       ¥     '  J       6     '  7       ^  '  '  4- .   i 

Figure  48. 

Variety — 'Mammoth  Yellow  FKnt. 
Source — Louis  Rosensweig,  South  Canterbttry. 

Description — Stalk  tall.    Ear  long,  small  shank,  shghtly  tapering.   Kernels 
light  yellow,  8-12  rows.    Matures  at  Storrs.  ' 
History — Unknown . 


440 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION 


BULLETIN   259. 


Flint  Varieties— Coni-inwed. 

Variety — McLean's  Flint. 

Source — -J.  B.  McLean,  Simsbury. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter,  with  many  suckers. 
Ear  medium  in  length  and  diameter,  cylindrical.  Kernels  yellow,  medium 
depth  and  size,  8  rows.     Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — -Mr.  McLean  crossed  a  strain  of  Canada  Yellow  FUnt  with  a  much 
larger  variety  ten  years  ago  and  by  careful  selection  since  then  has  obtained 
the  corn  described  here.     It  has  won  several  prizes  at  corn  shows. 


Variety — -Montgomery's  Wliite  Flint. 

Source — Phelps  Montgomery,  Mt.  Carmel. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height,  many  suckers.  Ear  medium  in  length. 
Kernels  white,  8  rows.     Matures  at  Storrs. 

History — -Seed  purchased  from  Peter  Henderson  Seed  Co.,  grown  several 
years  in  Connecticut. 


U_      2.\       31       h\       51       bi       7 


7,     ^o. 


%^j»4*l;li%>S^"*l*i4**i.- 


Figure  49, 

Variety — Pied  Flint. 

Source — -Reuben  Keeler,  Bridgewater. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter,  with  few  suckers. _  Ear 
long,  rather  small  in  diameter,  cylindrical.  Kernels  vary  in  color,  white  or 
yellow,  rather  shallow,  of  medium  size,  8  rows.    Matures  fairly  well  at  Storrs. 

History — This  variety  is  the  result  of  crossing  yellow  and  wliite  flints.  Has 
been  grown  for  sixty  years.  Seed  obtained  from  Lyman  Smith.  Selects  seed 
at  husking. 


Variety — Red  Flint. 
Source — Albert  Hale,  South  Coventry. 
Description — -Stalk  short.     Ear  medium  in  length. 
Matures  very  well  at  Storrs.  , 

History — Unknown . 


Kernels  red,  8  rows. 


CORN    IN    CONNECTICUT. 
Flint  Varieties — Continued. 


441 


Figure  50. 

Variety — Red  Flint. 

Source — Benjamin  Neleber,  Colchester. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter,  with  few  suckers.  Ears 
medium  in  length  and  diameter.  Vary  in  color,  red  or  yellow  and  white. 
Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Unknown . 


wsjE^WMm^^ 


Figure  51. 

Variety — Red  Flint. 

Source — -S.  F.  Brown,  Windsor. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height,  diameter  and  number  of  suckers.  Ear 
medium  in  length.  Kernels  red,  medium  size  and  depth,  8  rows.  Matures 
very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Is  a  strain  of  King  Philip  known  as  Hill's  Red  Flint. 


442 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION 


BULLETIN   259. 


Flint  Varieties — Continued. 

Variety — Red  Glaze. 

Source — ^J.  H.  Wilson,  Baltic. 

Description — ^Stalk  medium  in  height,  large  in  diameter,  with  few  suckers. 
Ear  medium  in  length,  slightly  tapering,  well  capped.  Kernels  white  except 
those  at  tip  which  are  pinkish,  8  rows.    Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Was  grown  in  South  Swansea,  Mass.,  for  many  years,  where  it 
matured  in  about  105  days. 


/-•«*#«i^*4«HNNN«**iiMNNb***tMWww« 


*>^M^«*« 


/I    '  2   ■   ^       ^      S       G      i 


Figure  52. 

Variety — 'Rhode  Island  Premium. 

Source — ^W.  J.  Clark,  Woodbury. 

Description — Stalk  short  and  very  small  in  diameter,  with  many  suckers. 
Ear  short  and  small,  cylindrical,  well  capped.  Kernels  red,  medium  in  depth 
and  size,  8  rows.     Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Has  been  grown  on  same  farm  for  thirty  years.  Mr.  Clark  ob- 
tained seed  from  R.  W.  Martin  of  Woodbury.  Selected  seed  for  past  seven 
years  from  two  and  three-eared  stalks. 


Variety — Rhode  Island  White  Fhnt. 

Source — E.  P.  Barnes,  Norwich. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter,  with  many  suckers. 
Ear  medium  in  length  and  diameter,  slightly  tapering.  Kernels  white,  medium 
in  depth,  rather  large,  8  rows.     Matures  at  Storrs. 

History — Grown  forty  years  on  the  same  farm.  Originallv  from  Rhode 
Island. 


Variety — Rhode  Island  White  Flint. 

Source — 'R.  C.  Botham,  Pomfret. 

Description— Stalk  short  and  small  in  diameter,  with  many  suckers.  Ear 
short,  medium  in  diameter  and  well  capped.  Kernels  white,  large,  8  rows 
Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Unloiown . 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 


443 


Flint  Varieties — Continued. 

Variety — Rhode  Island  White  Flint. 

Source — W.  P.  Briggs,  Lebanon. 

Description — Stalk  short  and  small  in  diameter,  with  many  suckers.  Ear 
short,  medium  in  diameter,  cyUndrical,  well  capped.  Kernels  white,  shallow, 
large,  8  rows.     Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Mr.  Briggs  has  grown  this  variety  for  30  years.  Obtained  his 
seed  from  Robert  Carpenter,  also  of  Lebanon. 


K  '  '                 .M^i^^^l 

1^       2      3    '  H 

^^^^J^^^^ 

Figure  53. 

Variety — ^Rhode  Island  White  Flint. 

Source — F.  W.  Newton,  South  Canterbury. 

Description— Stalk  medium  in  height.  Ear  medium  in  length,  slightly 
tapering,  long  type  of  Rhode  Island  White.  .  Kernels  white,  large,  8  rows. 
Matures  at  Storrs. 

History — Unknown. 

Variety — Rhode  Island  White  Fhnt. 

Source — A.  A.  Young,  Jewett  City. 

Description — See  R.  I.  Exper.  Station's  White  Flint 

History — Originally  from  Rhode  Island  Experiment  Station. 


444 


CONNECTICUT   EXPEEIMENT    STATION 


BULLETIN   259. 


Flint  Y arj-eties— Continued. 


^      /       2      3       H-      J       6 

7 

J 

Figure  54. 

Variety — -Rhode  Island  White  FHnt. 

Source — Rhode  Island  Experiment  Station,  Kingston,  R.  I. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height,  small  in  diameter,  with  many  suckers. 
Ear  short,  medium  in  diameter,  well  capped.  Kernels  white,  medium  depth 
and  size,  8  rows.    Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Grown  on  the  Experiment  Station  farm  for  at  least  10  years. 
Originally  from  F.  E.  Marchant  in  the  same  locality  who  has  raised  this  corn 
for  a  long  period  of  time. 


Variety — Root's  Yellow  Flint. 
Source — -L.  C.  Root,  Farmington. 
Description — Ear  short  and  very  small. 
in  size,  8  rows.    Matures  well  at  Storrs. 
History — ■Unknown. 


Kernels  yellow,  shallow,  medium 


Variety — Sanford  Wliite  Flint. 
Source — C.  E.  Hough,  Washington. 
Description — See  St.  John's  Sanford  White  Flint. 

History — Mr.  Hough  obtained  his  seed  from  Albert  Carlson  of  New  Milford, 
who  in  turn  obtained  his  from  Kent. 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 
Flint  Varieties— Confwwed. 


445 


Figure  55. 

Variety — ^Rosebrooks'  Flint. 
Source — -Charles  Rosebrooks,  Storrs. 

Description — -Stalk  short.     Ear  medium  length.     Kernels  yellow,  8  rows. 
Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Grown  for  nearly  fifty  years  on  same  farm. 


Figure  56. 

Variety — Sanford  White  Flint. 

Source — -Jesse  St.  John,  Kent. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter,  with  few  suckers.  Ear 
medium  in  length  and  diameter,  cylindrical.  Kernels  white,  of  medium  depth 
and  size,  8  rows.    Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Grown  for  30  years  or  more  on  the  same  farm.  Original  source 
unknown. 


446 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION 


BULLETIN   259. 


Flint  Varieties — -Continued. 

Variety — Schultz's  White  Flint. 
Source — W.  F.  Schultz,  Saybrook. 

Description — Ear   of   medium   length   and   diameter.      Kernels   white,    of 
medium  depth  and  size,  8  rows.     Matures  well  at  Storrs. 
History — 'Unknown . 


Variety — Sheffield  Yellow  Flint. 

Source — Farm  Department,  Connecticut  Agricultural  College,  Storrs. 
Description — Stalk  medium  in  height.     Ear  medium  in  length.     Kernels 
yellow,  8  rows.    Matures  well  at  Storrs. 
History — Unknown . 


2      S 


6      7 


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MUIJHJB)«^««»-W  W«  ' 


Figure  57. 

Foneiy— Sheffield  Yellow  FUnt. 

Source — C.  H.  Sage,  New  Canaan. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height,  small  in  diameter,  with  few  suckers. 
Ear  short  and  of  medium  diameter.  Kernels  yellow,  8  rows.  Matures  very 
well  at  Storrs. 

History — Mr.  Sage  has  grown  this  strain  for  12-15  years,  obtaining  his 
original  seed  from  James  Cahill,  Sheffield,  Mass.,  and  two  years  ago  from  Peck 
Brothers,  Sheflfield,  Mass. 


Variety — Shefiield  Yellow  Flint. 

Source — C.  E.  Borger,  New  Preston. 

Description — See  Healey's  Yellow  Flint. 

History — Obtained  seed  from  Massachusetts  in  1909. 


Variety — Silver  Triumph. 

Source — C.  J.  Anderson,  New  Preston. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height,  large  in  diameter,  with  few  suckers. 
Ear  medium  in  length,  large  in  diameter;  kernels  white,  deep,  large,  8  rows. 
Matures  fairly  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Mr.  Anderson  obtained  his  seed  in  1920  from  A.  A.  Biery  Seed  Co., 
Clarinda,  Iowa.    Matured  in  100  days  in  1920. 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 

Flint  Varieties — Continued. 


447 


iMiiiiMHiiiMiw 


/I       2      3-      ¥ 


^     ^: 


Figure  68. 

Variety — Skilton's  Yellow  Flint. 

Source — •Julius  Skilton,  Watertown. 

Description — Stalk  of  medium  height  and  diameter,  with  few  suckers.  Ear 
medium  in  length,  small  in  diameter,  tapers  very  little.  Kernels  dark  yellow, 
shallow,  of  medium  size,  8  rows.    Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — -Has  been  grown  for  fifty-three  years  on  the  same  farm.  Seed 
selected  very  carefully  at  husking  time.     Originally  from  New  York. 


Variety — Smut  Nose  Flint. 

Source — 'G.  A.  Skilton,  Watertown. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height,  small  in  diameter.  Ear  medium  in 
length  and  diameter.  Kernels  white,  except  those  at  tip,  which  are  pinkish, 
of  medium  depth  and  size,  8  rows.    Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Grown  for  40  years  on  the  same  farm.  Originally  from  Robert 
Skilton. 


Variety — Stickney's  Yellow  Flint. 

Source — G.  E.  Stickney,  Newburyport,  Mass. 

Description — Stalk  of  medium  height  and  diameter,  with  few  suckers.  Ear 
medium  in  length  and  diameter,  cylindrical.  Kernels  yellow,  8  rows.  Matures 
well  at  Storrs. 

History — This  variety  is  the  result  of  crossing  and  careful  selection  of  the 
hybrid  for  cylindrical  well-capped  ears. 


Variety — Stickney's  Yellow  Flint. 

Source — L.  J.  Grant,  Wapping. 

Description — 'Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter,  with  few  suckers.  Ear 
medium  in  length,  small  in  diameter.  Kernels  yellow,  shallow,  of  medium  size, 
8  rows.     Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — See  G.  E   Stickney's  Yellow  Flint. 


448  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION 

Flint  Varieties — Continued. 


BULLETIN   259. 


i-'&l 


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Figure  59. 

Variety — Smut  Nose  Flint. 
Source — Robert  Skilton,  Morris. 

Description — See  G.  A.  Skilton's  Smut  Nose  White  Flint. 
History — -Mr.  Skilton  and  his  father  have  grown  this  variety  for  62  years 
on  the  same  farm.    Select  seed  at  husking. 


Variety — Taylor's  Yellow  Flint. 

Source — G.  E.  Taylor,  Shelburne,  Mass. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height,  diameter  and  number  of  suckers. 
Ear  medium  in  length.  Kernels  dark  yellow,  8  rows.  Matures  very  well  at 
Storrs. 

History — Brought  from  South  Hadley  in  1814  and  raised  on  the  same 
farm  for  110  years. 


Variety — U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  No.  193. 

Source — Office  of  Cereal  Investigations,  B.  of  P.  I.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Description-— Stsilk  tall  and  large  with  few  suckers.  Ear  medium  in  length, 
very  large  in  diameter,  resembling  "Gold  Nugget."  Kernels  light  yellow, 
deep,  very  large,  8  rows.    Does  not  mature  well  at  Storrs. 

History — ^A  selection  from  Hall's  Golden  Nugget  secured  from  Jacob 
Kotzenstein  of  Hamburg,  New  Jersey,  in  1914.  Bred  by  the  U.  S.  Dept.  of 
Agriculture  from  1915  to  1921  at  Rliinebeck,  New  York.  See  Bacon's  Gold 
Nugget. 


Variety — Wheaton's  12  Row. 

Source — E.  M.  Wheat  on,  Putnam. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height,  small  in  diameter,  with  few  suckers. 
Ear  medium  in  length,  large  in  diameter.  Kernels  dark  yellow,  shallow, 
small,  12  rows.     Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Result  of  crossing  12  rowed  dent  with  8  rowed  flint.  Grown  for 
15  years. 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 
Flint  Varieties — Continued. 


449 


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Figure  60. 

Variety — Tucker's  Yellow  Flint. 

Source — -F.  E.  Tucker,  Vernon. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter,  with  few  suckers.  Ear 
short.     Kernels  yellow,  8  rows.     Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — This  variety  is  the  result  of  crossing  Canada  Yellow  Flint  with 
Holden's  about  thirty  years  ago;  since  then  seed  has  been  selected  very  care- 
fully in  the  field. 


Figure  61. 

Variety — Yellow  Dutton. 

Source — C.  H.  Bissell,  Lakeville. 

Description — Stalk  of  medium  height  and  small  in  diameter,  with  a  medium 
number  of  suckers.  Ears  medium  in  length,  large  at  butts.  Kernels  light 
yellow,  shallow,  small,  12  rows.    Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — -Grown  for  fifty  years  by  Mr.  Bissell. 


450 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION 


BULLETIN   259. 


Flint  Vaeieties — Concluded. 

Variety — Yellow  Dutton. 

Source — H.  Johnson,  Washington. 

Description — -Stalk  of  medium  height,  small  in  diameter.  Ear  mediimi  in 
length,  small  in  diameter.  Kernels  light  yellow,  of  medium  depth,  small,  12 
rows. 

History — Unknown. 

Variety — Zwick's  Yellow  Flint. 

Source — Louis  Zwick,  Plantsville. 

Description — Stalk  of  medium  height  and  diameter,  with  few  suckers.  Ear 
medium  in  length  and  diameter.  Kernels  light  yellow,  of  medium  depth  and 
size,  8  rows.     Matures  fairly  well  at  Storrs. 

DENT  VARIETIES. 

Variety— Bahlers  White  Dent. 

Source — ^Adolph  Bahler,  Ellington. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height  and  small  in  diameter.  Ear  rather 
short  and  thick.  Kernels  white,  deep,  medium  in  size,  16-20  rows.  Matures 
very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — ^Originally  from  Illinois.    Grown  in  Ellington  for  20  years. 


r~    r^    r^    fr:    r^    c^ 
-^        3        V,       5,       bi       '■        S 


Figure  62. 

Variety — Brewer's  Dent. 

Source — N.  H.  Brewer,  Hockanum. 

Description — Stalk  tall  and  large.  Ear  medium  in  length  and  thickness. 
Kernels  yellow,  deep,  rather  small,  16-20  rows.    Does  not  mature  at  Storrs. 

History — Result  of  several  years'  selection  out  of  Reid's  Yellow  Dent,  by 
N.  H.  Brewer. 

Variety — Brewer's  Dent. 
Source — B.  F.  Page,  Durham. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.    Ear  short  and  thick. 
Kernels  yellow,  16-22  rows.     Does  not  mature  at  Storrs. 
History — From  N.  H.  Brewer. 


COEN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 


451 


Dent  Varieties — Continued. 


i\   '  'd   '  A~'  4   '  J   '6^   '7 


Figure  63. 

Variety — Century  Dent. 

Source— S.  M.  Waldron,  New  Milford. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length 
and  diameter.  Kernels  yellow,  deep,  medium  in  size,  14-18  rows.  Matures 
well  at  Storrs. 

History — Bought  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  about  1902  from  a  silo  company. 
Supposed  to  be  a  pedigreed  corn. 


Variety — Clark's  Early  Wonder. 

Source — Harris  Seed  Company,  Coldwater,  N.  Y. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length 
and  diameter.  Kernels  yellow,  deep,  medium  in  size,  moderately  to  roughly 
indented,  14r-18  rows. 

History — Obtained  seed  about  ten  years  ago  from  Clark  &  Son,  Wayland, 
Michigan. 

Variety — Dibble's  Yellow  Dent. 

Source — Dibble  Seed  Company,  Honeoye  Falls,  N.  Y. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length 
and  diameter.    Kernels  yellow,  12-16  rows.    Does  not  mature  well  at  Storrs. 

History — ^A  strain  of  Leaming  selected  and  grown  by  the  Dibble  Seed  Com- 
pany. 


452  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION 

Dent  Varieties— Con^wued. 


BULLETIN  259. 


Figure  64. 

Fanef 2/— Connecticut  Dent. 

Source — -C.  L.  Howes,  Stamford. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length 
and  diameter.    Kernels  yellow,  16-18  rows.    Does  not  mature  well  at  Storrs. 

History — -From  Dibble's  Early  Yellow  Dent.  Bred  by  "ear  to  row"  method 
by  Mr.  Howe. 

Variety — -Cornell  No.  11. 

Source — -Dept.  of  Plant  Breeding,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

Description — -Stalk  short  and  slender.  Ear  short  and  medium  in  diameter. 
Kernels  yellow,  medlimaly  deep,  small,  12-20  rows.  Matures  very  well  at 
Storrs. 

History — -Isolated  from  Pride  of  the  North  by  eight  years  of  ear-to-row 
selection  in  Cayuga  Co.,  New  York. 


Variety — Cornell  No.  12. 

Source — -Dept.  Plant  Breeding,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

Description — Stalk  short  and  slender.  Ear  short  and  large  in  diameter. 
Kernels  yellow,  deep,  medium  in  size,  18-20  rows.    Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Isolated  from  Funk's  90  Day  by  five  years  of  ear-to-row  selection 
in  Westchester  Co.,  New  York. 


Variety — Curtin's  Yellow  Dent. 
Source — -E.  Curtin,  East  Windsor. 
Description — -Stalk  tall,   medium  in   diameter. 
Kernels  yellow.     Does  not  mature  at  Storrs. 
History — Unknown. 


Ear  long   and   tapering. 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT, 
Dent  Varieties — Continued. 


453 


Figure  65. 
Variety — Dowd  Dent. 
Source — R.  C.  Wilcox  &  Sons,  GuiKord. 
Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter, 
light  yellow,  10-14  rows.    Matures  fairly  well  at  Storrs. 
History — -Unknown. 


Ear  long.     Kernels 


Figure  66. 
Variety — Eureka. 

/Source— Ross  Brothers  Seed  Company,  Worcester,  Mass. 
Description — Stalk  very  tall  and  very  large.    Ear  long  and  large, 
white,  mediumly  deep  and  very  broad.    Never  matures  at  Storrs. 
History — Grown  on  James  River  in  Virginia. 


Kernels 


454 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION 


BULLETIN   259. 


Dent  Varieties — Continued. 

Variety — ^ Yellow  Eureka. 

Source — Peter  Henderson  &  Company,  New  York  City. 
Description — Tall,  large  silage  variety. 

History — Grown  by  I.  S.  Long,  Richland,  Lebanan  County,  Penn.,  about 
20  years  ago. 

Variety — Funk's  90  Day. 

Source — Funk  Bros.  Seed  Company,  Bloomington,  111. 

Description — Stalk  tall  and  quite  large.  Kernels  yellow,  14-18  rows.  Does 
not  mature  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Originated  by  E.  D.  Funk  in  1892  from  a  selection  following  a 
cross  of  a  small  eared  early  corn  and  a  late  variety. 


2     ^    '  4    '  A 


a    71 


Figure  67. 

Variety — 'Gelston's  Ensilage. 
Source — 'W.  I.  Gelston,  East  Haddam. 

Description — Stalk  tall  and  large.     Ear  long,  large  and  slightly  tapering 
Kernels  yellow,  roughly  dented.    Does  not  mature  at  Storrs. 
History — The  result  of  crossing  Early  Mastodon  on  Klondyke. 


Variety — Golden  Dent. 
Source — -Alex  Smith,  Clinton ville._ 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height,  small.    Ear  short,  medium  in  diame- 
ter.   Kernels  reddish  yellow,  12-14  rows.    Matures  at  Storrs. 
History — Grown  in  Clintonville  for  several  years. 


CORN    IN    CONNECTICUT. 
Dent  Varieties — Continued. 


455 


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Figure  68. 

Variety — Golden  Dent. 

Source — P.  H.  Woodford,  Avon. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length, 
large.  Kernels  reddish  yellow,  deep,  medium  size,  14-16  rows.  Matures  at 
Storrs. 

History — Grown  for  25  years  on  Mr.  Woodford's  farm. 


Variety — -Hasting' s  Yellow  Dent. 

Source — W.  S.  Hastings,  Somers. 

Description — Stalk  short  and  small.  Ear  short  and  small.  Kernels  deep 
yellow,  mediumly  deep,  small,  14-16  rows.    Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Mr.  Hastings  had  grown  it  for  several  years.  He  obtained  the 
seed  from  his  brothers  in  Shelburne,  Mass.    Brought  from  West  originally. 


Variety — Hazenhurst  White  Cap. 

Source — -E.  Hazen,  Haddam. 

Description — Stalk  tall  and  large.  Ear  medium  in  length,  large  in  diameter. 
Kernels  yellow  with  white  cap,  deep,  large,  12-16  rows.  Requires  a  favor- 
able season  to  mature  at  Storrs. 

History — 'Unknown.  

Variety — Herr's  Yellow  Dent. 

Source — W.  F.  Herr,  Brooklyn. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height,  small,  ear  medium  in  length,  large  in 
diameter.  Kernels  yellow,  medium  in  depth  and  size,  14  rows.  Matures 
at  Storrs. 

History — Unknown . 


456 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION 


BULLETIN   259. 


Dent  Varieties— Coniintted. 

Variety — Hickory  King. 
Source— "R.  C.  Wilcox  &  Sons,  Guilford. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height,  large.    Ear  medium  in  length,  small 
in  diameter.    Kernels  yellow,  shallow,  very  large,  8  rows.    Matures  at  Storrs. 
History — -Unknown. 


^      7\       i 


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Figure  69. 

Variety — Early  Huron. 

Source — ^ Joseph  Harris  Company,  Coldwater,  N.  Y. 

Description— Stalk  short  and  small.    Ear  medium  in  length.    Kernels  deep 
yellow,  14-16  rows.    Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Grown  in  western  New  York  near  Lake  Ontario  for  manjr  years. 


Variety — Holcomb's  Dent. 
Source — •?.  Holcomb,  East  Granby. 

Description — 'Stalk  medium  in  height.    Kernels  yellow,  slender  14-18  rows, 
widely  spaced.     Matures  at  Storrs. 
.   History — 'Grown  and  seed  selected  for  20  years  by  Mr.  Holcomb. 


Variety — Johnson's  Dent. 

Source — 'J.  W.  Moss,  West  Cheshire. 

Description — 'Stalk  medium  in  height  and  large  in  diameter.  Ear  long  and 
large.  Kernels  light  yellow,  deep,  medium  in  size,  14-16  rows.  Does  not 
mature  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — -Unknown . 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 
Dent  Varieties — Continued. 


457 


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Figure  70. 

Variety — ^Early  Huron. 

Source — M.  H.  Williaras,  Sunderland,  Mass. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length. 
Kernels  deep  yellow,  14-16  rows.    Matures  at  Storrs. 

History — Result  of  crossing  Early  Huron  and  Pride  of  North.  Selected  for 
several  years  since. 


Figure  71. 
Variety — 'Klondyke. 
Source — ^George  Hale,  Westport. 

Description — 'Stalk  tall  and  large.    Ear  long  and  large.    Kernels  light  yellow, 
14-16  rows.    Does  not  mature  at  Storrs. 
History — 'Unknown. 


458  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION 

Dent  Vakieties — Continued. 


BULLETIN   259. 


Figure  72. 

Variety — 'Lakeside  Dent. 

Source — Nathaniel  Jones,  South  Windsor. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length, 
large  at  butt  and  tapering.  Kernels  yellow,  deep,  medium  in  size,  14-16 
rows.     Usually  matures  fairly  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Mr.  Jones  obtained  seed  from  W.  F.  Cobb  &  Company,  Frank- 
lin, Mass.    Originally  from  A.  A.  Chatfield  of  Fulton  Coimty,  Ohio. 


Variety — Lakeside  Dent. 

Source — 'S.  H.  Peckham. 

Description — Stalk  shorter  and  smaller  than  preceding  variety.  Ears  short, 
medium  in  diameter  and  tapering.  Kernels  deep  yellow,  medium  in  depth 
and  size,  12-18  rows.     Matures  at  Storrs. 

History — Mr.  Peckham  obtained  his  seed  from  Nathaniel  Jones  of  South 
Windsor  in  1917  and  had  selected  his  own  seed  since. 


Variety — ^Lancaster  Sure  Crop. 

Source — Lancaster  County,  Penn. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  length  and  diameter.  Ears  long  and  slender, 
tapering.    Kernels  deep  yellow,  smooth  and  broad,  16-20  rows. 

History — Originated  by  Mr.  Isaac  E.  Hershey  of  Lancaster  County, 
Penna.  

Variety — -Leaming. 

Source — Dibble  Seed  Company,  Honeoye  Falls,  N.  Y. 
Description — Stalk  of  medium  height.     Kernels  yellow,  14-20  rows.     Not 
tested  for  grain  at  Storrs. 

History — Seed  grown  at  Honeoye  Falls,  N.  Y. 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 
Dent  Varieties — Continued. 


459 


Figure  73 

Variety — Learning. 

Source — ■Heman  Beardsley,  Roxbury. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length 
and  diameter,  tapering.  Kernels  dark  yellow,  medium  in  depth  and  size, 
16-22  rows.     Matures  at  Storrs. 

History—Mr.  Beardsley  obtained  seed  from  Ed.  Seeley  of  Roxbury  about 
1905  and  since  has  accUmated  it  to  his  conditions.  Selects  his  seed  at  husk- 
ing or  in  the  crib. 


Variety — Leaming. 

Source — Peter  Henderson  Seed  Company,  New  York  City. 
Description — Stalk  medium  in  height.     ,  Kernels  yellow,  14-22  rows, 
tested  for  grain  at  Storrs. 
History — ■Unknown. 


Not 


Variety — Leaming. 

Source — Farm  Department,  Connecticut  Agricultural  College,  Storrs. 
Description — Stalk  medium  in  height.     Kernels  yellow,  14-18  rows.    Never 
tested  for  grain  at  Storrs. 

History — -Unknown.  

Foneiy— Leaming. 

Source — •Hurley  Grant  Hardware  Company,  Willimantic. 

Description — Stalk  tall  and  large.  Kernels  yellow.  Never  tested  for 
grain  at  Storrs. 

History — •Local  company  obtained  seed  from  Dickinson  Seed  Company, 
N.  Y.  City. 

Variety — Leaming. 

Source — •Thomas  Griswold,  So.  Wethersfield. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.     Not  tested  for  grain 
at  Storrs. 
,  History — ^Unknown. 


460  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION  BULLETIN   259. 

Dent  Varieties — Continued. 


6      7! 


Figure  74. 

Variety — Learning. 

Source — L.  P.  Drake,  Harwdnton. 

Description — -Stalk  short  and  small.  Ear  short  and  small.  Kernels  yellow, 
narrow,  very  little  denting,  12-16  rows.  Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Originally  from  West.  Mr.  Drake  obtained  his  seed  from  Chas. 
Alford  of  Harwinton  about  1900. 


Variety — Leaming . 

Source — ^Harrison  Hamilton,  Ellington. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter,  Ear  medium  in  length, 
small.  Kernels  yellow,  medium  in  depth  and  size,  12-16  rows.  Matures 
well  at  Storrs. 

History — -Mr.  Hamilton  has  grown  this  variety  for  several  years. 


Variety — Leaming. 
Source — -Ed.  Harris,  Middletown. 

Description — Stalk  short   and   small.     Ear  medium  in  length. 
Kernels  yellow.     Not  tested  for  grain  at  Storrs. 
History — Unknown . 


tapering. 


Variety — -Leaming. 

Source — W.  A.  Lanterman,  Fairfield. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height,  large  in  diameter.  Ear  medium  in 
length,  small  in  diameter.  Kernels  deep  yellow,  shallow,  medium  in  size, 
12-14  rows.     Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Mr.  Lanterman  has  growTi  this  variety  for  several  years  and  has 
matured  it  nicely,  even  in  years  of  very  early  frosts. 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 


461 


Dent  Y ahieties— Continued. 

Variety— Learning. 
Source — Feed  Store,  Norwich. 

Descriptio7i — ^Stalk  tall  and  large.     Kernels  yellow.     A  very  late  strain  of 
Learning.     Does  not  mature  at  Storrs. 
History — -Unknown . 

Variety — -Leaming. 

Source — F.  S.  Prince,  Xenia,  Ohio. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  large  in  diameter.  Ear  long 
and  large.  Kernels  light  yellow,  deep,  medium  in  size,  16-20  rows.  Does 
not  mature  at  Storrs. 

History — This  is  a  selected  strain  of  the  original  Ohio  Leaming  variety. 


Mmvr 


Figure  75. 

Variety — Leaming. 

Source — ^W.  H.  Strong,  Avon. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height,  small  in  diameter.  Ear  short  and 
small.  Kernels  yellow,  medium  in  depth  and  size,  14-16  rows.  Matures  at 
Storrs. 

History — •Mr.  Strong  obtained  seed  from  Cad  well  and  Jones  of  Hartford  in 
1912.  

Variety — 'Leaming. 

Source — Vinehill  Farm,  Elmwood. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in 
length,  large.  Kernels  yellow,  medium  in  depth  and  size,  12-16  rows.  Ma- 
tures at  Storrs. 

ffistory— Western  Leaming  grown  about  30  years  in  Connecticut,  carefully 
selected  for  ear  tj^e  from  individual  plants  in  the  field. 


Variety — Leaming . 

Source — W.  J.  Wells,  So.  Deerfield,  Mass. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.     Ear  rather  short. 
Kernels  yellow,  12-16  rows.    Matures  well  at  Storrs. 
History — Unknown. 


462 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION 


BULLETIN   259. 


Dent  Varieties — Continued. 

Variety — Long  Island  Dent. 

Source — C.  E.  Salmon,  Brooklyn. 

Description — -Stalk  short  and  small  in  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length, 
small.  Kernels  reddish  yellow,  shallow,  large,  8  rows.  Only  sUghtly  dented 
and  looks  like  a  flint.     Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Mr.  Salmon  brought  the  seed  from  Long  Island  several  years  ago 
and  has  grown  it  in  Brooklyn  since.    It  has  now  become  acclimated. 


Variety — -Long's  Champion. 
Source — Whitehorse  Farms,  Paoli,  Pa. 

Description — Stalk  very  tall  and  very  large  in  diameter.     Ear  long  i 
large.    Kernels  light  yellow,  14-22  rows.    Does  not  mature  at  Storrs. 
History — -Unknown. 


very 


Variety — Luce's  Favorite. 

Source — -Suffolk  Cooperative  Association,  Mattituck,  N.  Y. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length 
and  diameter.  Kernels  yellow  or  white,  shallow,  large,  8  rows,  slightly  dented, 
intermediate  in  type  between  dent  and  flint  corn.  Does  not  mature  at  Storrs. 

History — Unknown. 


Figure  76. 

Variety — Mason's  White  Dent. 

Source — W.  W.  Chappell,  North  FrankUn. 

Description — Stalk  short  and  small.  Ear  short.  Kernels  white,  12-16 
rows.    Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Mr.  Mason  obtained  his  seed  from  N.  S.  Strong  of  North  Plains 
about  15  years  ago. 

Variety — Mastodon. 

Source — -S.  D.  Woodruff  Seed  Company,  Orange. 
Description — Stalk  tall  and  large.    Does  not  mature  at  Storrs. 
History — Seed  obtained  each  year  from  Ohio. 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 
Dent  Varieties — Continued. 


463 


Variety — 'M  astodon . 
Source — E.  G.  Packard,  Dover,  Del. 

Description — Stalk  very  tall  and  very  large.     Ear  long  and  very  large. 
Kernels  yellow,  deep,  very  large,  18-20  rows.    Does  not  mature  at  Storrs. 
History — 'Unknown. 


Variety — Mastodon. 

Source — F.  S.  Piatt  Seed  Co.,  New  Haven. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height.    Does  not  mature  at  Storrs. 

History — Seed  usually  obtained  from  Ohio. 


Variety — Early  Michigan. 

Source — G.  A.  Erskine,  Guilford. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  large  in  diameter.  Ear  medium 
in  length,  large  in  diameter.  Kernels  reddish  yellow,  deep,  large,  12-16  rows. 
Matures  at  Storrs. 

History — Unknown. 


Variety — Minnesota  No.  13. 
Source — W.  A.  Stocking  &  Sons,  Weatogue. 

Description — -Stalk  short  and  small.     Ear  short,  small.     Kernels  yellow, 
medium  in  depth,  small,  12-16  rows.    Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 
History — Grown  for  12-15  years  in  Weatogue. 


Figure  77. 

Variety — Minnesota  White  Cap. 

Source — C.  S.  Griswold,  West  Hartford. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length, 
cylindrical.  Kernels  yellow  with  white  caps.  12-16  rows.  Matures  well  at 
Storrs. 

History — Originated  from  about  a  dozen  stalks  found  growing  in  a  field 
of  Canada  Flint  com  about  20  years  ago. 


464 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION 


BULLETIN   259. 


Dent  Varieties — Continued. 

Variety — -Montgomery's   White   Dent. 
Source — Phelps  Montgomery,  Mt.  Carmel. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height.     Kernels  white.     Does  not  mature 
at  Storrs. 

History — -Unknown . 


Variety — White  Cap  Yellow  Dent. 
•     Source — -N.  S.  Strong,  North  Plain. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height,  small  in  diameter.  Ear  short  and 
small.  Kernels  yellow  with  white  caps,  medium  in  depth  and  size,  12-16  rows. 
Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Grown  in  North  Plain  for  45  years. 


III  If.;  -r;  r;  r-;  r:  <,  :  , 

'I      -zl      3|      V|      si      k|      7!      8i      <?!     r 


Figure  78. 


Variety- — -Northern  White  Dent. 
Source — B.  W.  Bishop,  Guilford. 
Description- — -Stalk  tall  and  large, 
medium  in  depth,  very  large,  12  rows. 


Ear  long  and  large.     Kernels  white, 
Does  not  mature  at  Storrs. 


History — -Mr.  Bishop  obtained  seed  from  Peter  Henderson  Compan3%  New 
York  City  about  1905,  and  grew  it  near  White  Hickory  Iving,  with  wliich  it 
probably  mixed. 


Variety — Peck's  Yellow  Dent. 

Source — W.  O.  Peck,  East  Haddam. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length 
and  diameter.  Kernels  yellow,  mediiun  in  depth  and  size,  14-18  rows. 
Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Mr.  Peck  obtained  seed  of  a  "Connecticut  Learning"  in  1916. 
May  be  slightly  mixed  with  Brewer's  Dent  and  also  with  Luce's  Favorite. 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 

Dent  Varieties — ■Continued. 


465 


:^   '  4   '  ^.   '  s, 


^^u^t^iMMifflM% 


4 


m»m 


Figure  '79. 

Variety — Pride  of  the  North. 

Source — -Storrs  Agric.  Exper.  Station. 

Description — Stalk  short  and  small.  Ear  medium  in  length  and  diameter. 
Kernels  yellow,  mediumly  deep  and  small,  12-18  rows.  Matures  well  at 
Storrs. 

History — Improved  and  selected  by  the  late  Professor  A.  G.  Gulley  of  the 
Connecticut  Agricultural  College,  originally  obtained  from  Ithaca,  New 
York.    Grown  at  Storrs  about  15  years. 

Variety — 'Pride  of  North. 
Source — I.  N.  HoUister,  Glastonbury. 

Description— Stalk  short  and  small.     Ear  medium  in  length.     Kernels  a 
variable  yellow,  14-16  rows.    Matures  well  at  Storrs. 
History — Unknown . 

Variety — ^Pride  of  North. 

Source — S.  W.  and  F.  A.  Ivirk,  Hamden. 

Description — Stalk  short  and  small.  Ear  short  and  small.  Kernels  yellow, 
medium  in  depth,  small,  16-18  rows.  Matures  very  well  at  Storrs.  Smaller 
than  Storrs'  Pride  of  North. 

History—Messrs.  Kirk  obtained  seed  from  the  late  Professor  Gulley  of 
Storrs  in  1910  and  have  selected  since  for  maximum  number  of  rows  of  ker- 
nels and  mature  and  well  filled  ears. 


Variety — Pride  of  North. 

Source — 'H.  J.  Larkham,  Norwichtown. 

Description — Stalk  short  and  small.  Ear  medium  in  length  and  diameter. 
Kernels  yellow,  medium  in  depth  and  size,  12-14  rows.  Matures  well  at 
Storrs. 

History — Seed  obtained  from  Thomas  Griswold  Seed  Co.,  South  Wethers- 
field,  Conn. 

Variety — Red  Cob. 
Source — Piatt  Seed  Co.,  New  Haven. 
Description — Stalk  tall  and  large.     Kernels  white. 
Storrs. 

History — Seed  obtained  from  Missouri. 


Does  not  mature  at 


466 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION 


BULLETIN   259. 


Dent  VaeietieS' — Continued. 

Variety — ^ReynoIds  Yellow  Dent. 

Source — W.  W.  Reynolds,  New  Britain. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length, 
large.  Kernels  yellow,  deep,  medium  size,  14-16  rows.  Matures  at  Storrs  in 
favorable  seasons. 

History — 'Unknown . 

Variety — Sciota. 
Source — B.  F.  Page,  Durham. 

Description — Stalk  short  and  small.    Ear  medium  in  length,  small.    Ker- 
nels yellow  with  white  caps,  12-14  rows.     Matures  well  at  Storrs. 
History — Obtained  seed  from  Ohio  about  40  years  ago. 


Figure  80. 

Variety — Sharon  White  Cap. 

Source — 'E.  K.  Dean,  Sharon. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length 
and  diameter.  Kernels  yellow  with  white  caps,  medium  in  depth  and  size, 
12-14  rows,    Matures  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Brought  by  C.  E.  Benton  from  Michigan  about  40  years  ago. 
Generally  grown  about  Sharon. 

Variety — Silver  King. 

Source — Roy  McDonald,  Menomonie,  Wis. 

Description — Stalk  short  and  small.    Ear  short,  medium  in  diameter, 
nels  white,  deep,  small,  16  rows.    Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Obtained  from  Iowa  by  Wisconsin  Experiment  Station  in  1904 
and  adapted  by  ear-to-row  selection.  Grown  at  Menomonie  about  10  years, 
selecting  the  best  ears  in  the  field. 


Ker- 


Variety — Sutton's  Dent. 

Source — R.  C.  Wilcox  &  Sons,  Guilford. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  large  in  diameter.  Ear  medium 
in  length,  very  large.  Kernels  light  yellow,  deep,  large,  14-16  rows.  Does  not 
mature  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — 'Obtained  from  Sutton  Seed  Co.,  in  Illinois. 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 


467 


Dent  Vakieties — -Continued. 

Variety — Sweepstakes. 

Source — S.  L.  Hollister,  Washington. 

Description — •Stalk  tall,  medium  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length  and 
diameter.  Kernels  yellow,  medium  in  depth  and  size,  14-18  rows.  Does 
not  mature  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — See  West  Branch  Sweepstakes. 

• , 

Variety — -Sweepstakes. 

Source — 'Alex  Smith,  Clintonville. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length, 
large.  Kernels  reddish  yellow,  medium  in  depth,  large,  12-18  rows.  Does 
not  mature  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — 'Is  a  result  of  a  cross  made  15-20  years  ago  between  "Lancaster 
Sure  Crop"  and  a  local  Pennsylvanian  variety.    Has  been  selected  since. 

Variety — Sweepstakes. 

Source — West  Branch  Seed  Growers'  Association,  Williamsport,  Pa. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  large  in  diameter.  Ear  medium 
in  length  and  very  large.  Kernels  a  variable  yellow,  mediumly  deep,  large, 
12-20  rows.    Does  not  mature  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Is  a  result  of  a  cross  made  15-20  years  ago  between  ''Lancaster 
Sure  Crop"  and  a  local  Pennsylvanian  variety.    Has  been  selected  since. 

Variety — Sweepstakes. 

Source — ^Clark  Seed  Company,  Milford. 

Description — -Similar  to  West  Branch  Sweepstakes. 


^ 


a 


'"aVvV'VM'''*'^*^  v*^-^ 


Figure  81. 

Variety — Try  on  Dent. 

Source — J.  E.  Daniels,  Middletown. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  small  in  diameter.  Ear  medium 
in  length,  tapering  slightly.  Kernels  yellow,  12-16  rows.  Matures  well  at 
Storrs. 

History— Originally  Dowd  Dent.  Brought  to  Middletown  from  Guilford 
about  1900  by  Willis  Tryon  and  has  been  grown  there  since  by  a  few 
farmers. 


468  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION  BULLETIN   259. 

Dent  Varieties— Conimwed. 

Variety — U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  No.  119. 

Source — -Office  of  Cereal  Investigations,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Description — Stalk  tall  and  very  large.  Ear  medium  in  length,  very 
large.    Kernels  white,  deep,  large,  14-20  rows.    Does  not  mature  at  Storrs. 

History — A  selection  from  Boone  County  White,  obtained  from  Marley. 
Riley,  Thorntown,  Boone  County,  Indiana.  Bred  by  the  U.  S.  Department 
of  Agriculture  since  1903  around  Washington,  D.  C.  Boone  County  White 
was  originated  by  James  Riley,  Thorntown,  Ind.,  in  1880. 


Variety — U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  No.  125. 

Source — Office  of  Cereal  Investigations,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height  and  large  in  diameter.  Ear  mediimi 
in  length,  large  in  diameter.  Kernels  yellow,  deep,  medium  in  size,  16-20 
rows.    Matures  in  very  favorable  seasons  at  Storrs. 

History — A  selection  from  Clarage,  secured  from  Theodore  Giffin  at  Sabina, 
Ohio  in  1901.  Grown  and  bred  by  the  U.  S.  Departemnt  of  Agriculture  at 
Sabina  as  Sel.  78  from  1901  to  1904.  Grown  as  Sel.  125  at  Sunbury,  Ohio, 
1905  to  1915.  For  a  complete  history  of  Clarage  see  Ohio  Station  Circular 
No.  117,  "Varieties  of  Corn  in  Ohio." 


Variety — U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  No.  133. 

Source — Office  of  Cereal  Investigations,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Wash- 
ington. 

Description — Stalk  short  and  small".  Ear  medium  in  length,  large.  Kernels 
yellow,  deep,  medium  in  size,  14-18  rows.    Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — A  selection  from  Minnesota  No.  13.  Secured  from  Professor  C. 
P.  Bull,  Minnesota  Experiment  Station  in  1903.  Bred  and  improved  by  the 
Minnesota  Experiment  Station  since  1893.  Bred  by  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture  from  1904  to  1921  at  Hartford,  South  Dakota,  and  Oconomowoc, 
Wis. 


Variety — -Webber's  Dent. 

Source — Department  of  Plant  Breeding,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height,  small  in  diameter.  Ear  short  and 
small.  Kernels  yellow,  shallow,  small,  14-16  rows.  Matures  very  well  at  Storrs. 

iJistory— Developed  at  Cornell  Experiment  Station  by  5  years  of  ear-to- 
row  selection  from  Funk's  90  Day  in  co-operation  with  G.  R.  Schauber  of 
Ballston  Lake,  Saratoga  Co.,  New  York. 


Variety — Webber's  Dent. 

Source — Willis  Frost,  Bridgewater. 

Description — -Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length 
and  diameter,  tapering  slightly.  Kernels  yellow,  deep  medium  in  size,  14-18 
rows.    Matures  fairly  well  at  Storrs. 

History — Developed  at  Cornell  Experiment  Station  by  5  years  of  ear-to- 
row  selection  from  Funk's  90  Day  in  cooperation  with  G.  R.  Schauber  of 
Ballston  Lake,  Saratoga  Co.,  New  York.     Seed  obtained  in  1916. 


CORN   IN    CONNECTICUT. 
Dent  Varieties' — Continued. 


469 


Figure  82. 

Variety — ^White  Cap. 

Source— G.  D.  Hall,  WalUngford. 

Description — 'Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  short  and  tapering. 
Kernels  yellow  with  white  caps,  12-16  rows.    Matures  at  Storrs. 

History — Known  as  Tyler's  White  Cap  and  grown  around  Wallingford  for 
at  least  40  years. 


Variety — ^White  Cap. 

Source — 'W.  F.  Herr,  Brooklyn. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length, 
large  in  diameter.  Kernels  yellow  with  white  caps,  medium  in  depth,  large, 
14  rows.     Matures  at  Storrs. 

History — Unknown . 


Variety — White  Cap. 

Source — L.  C.  Root  &  Son,  Farmington. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length 
and  diameter.  Kernels  yellow  with  white  caps,  medium  in  depth  and  size, 
14-16  rows.     Matures  at  Storrs. 

History — Obtained  from  Mr.  Kelsey  in  West  Hartford  about  1910.  Origi- 
nally from  Chas  E.  Lyman,  Middlefield,  Conn.  Grows  alternately  on  Moun- 
tain land  and  low  land. 


Variety — White  Cap. 
Source — Joseph  Whathley,   Kent. 

Description — Stalk  short  and  small.    Ear  medium  in  length. 
low  with  white  caps,  12-14  rows.    Matures  well  at  Storrs. 
History — Unknown. 


Kernels  yel- 


470  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION 

Dent  Varieties— Cowduded. 


BULLETIN  259. 


Figure  83. 

Variety — White  Cap. 

Source — Henry  Squires,  New  Milford. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  small  in  diameter.  Ear  short, 
small,  slightly  tapering.  Kernels  yeUow  with  white  caps,  12-14  rows.  Matures 
very  well  at  Storrs. 

History — 'Mr.  Squires  obtained  seed  from  Sharon  12-15.  years  ago. 


Variety — White  Cap, 

Source — West  Branch  Seed  Growers'  Association,  WiUiamsport,  Pa. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height,  large  in  diameter.  Ear  long,  and 
large.  Kernels  yellow  with  white  caps,  deep,  large,  16-20  rows.  Matures  at 
Storrs  in  favorable  seasons. 

History — 'Grown  in  Pennsylvania  for  many  years. 


Variety — Woodford's  Dent. 

Source — G.  C.  Woodford,  Plainville. 

Description — Stalk  medium  in  height  and  diameter.  Ear  medium  in  length 
and  diameter.  Kernels  deep  yellow,  medium  in  depth  and  size,  16-20  rows. 
Matures  fairly  well  at  Storrs. 

History — This  variety  is  the  result  of  crossing  Early  Lakeside  on  a  local 
dent.    Mr.  Woodford  makes  the  cross  each  year. 


5388 


b 


University  of 
Connecticut 

Libraries 


39153029221951 


